National Ambient Air Quality Standards

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(PD) Photo: Jon Sullivan, www.pdphoto.org
Poor air quality over Los Angeles (August, 2003)

The U.S. Clean Air Act,[1] enacted by the U.S. Congress and last amended in 1990,[2] required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to set air pollutant concentration limits as National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)[3][4] for outdoor ambient air pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment.

The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards that define air pollutant concentration limits intended to protect the public health, including the health of sensitive populations such as asthmatics, children and the elderly. Secondary standards that define limits intended to protect the public welfare and environment, including damage to animals, crops, vegetation and buildings as well as providing protection against decreased visibility.[3]

The Clean Air Act requires periodic review of the science upon which the standards are based and the standards themselves.

Worldwide, other air quality standards have been adopted, such as European Union Air Quality Directive,[5] the UK Air Quality Strategy,[6] and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines.[7]

Summary of the NAAQS

See also: Air Quality Index

The NAAQS set air pollutant concentration limits for six pollutants, called the criteria air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), Particulate Matter (PM10)[8] and Particulate Matter (PM2.5).[8]

The NAAQS for the six criteria pollutants are listed in the table below:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards [3][4]
Primary Standard Secondary Standard
Criteria
Pollutant		 Concentration
Limit		 Averaging
Time		 Concentration
Limit		 Averaging
Time
Carbon monoxide 9 ppmv
( 10 mg/m3 )		 8-hour (1) None
35 ppmv
( 40 mg/m3 )		 1-hour (1)
Sulfur dioxide 0.03 ppmv
( 80 μg/m3 )		 Annual
(arithmetic mean)		 0.5 ppmv
( 1300 μg/m3 )		 3-hour (1)
0.14 ppmv
( 365 μg/m3		 24-hour (1)
Nitrogen dioxide 0.053 ppmv
( 100 μg/m3 )		 Annual
(arithmetic mean)		 Same as primary
Ozone 0.075 ppmv
( 150 μg/m3 )		 8-hour (2) Same as primary
0.12 ppmv
( 235 μg/m3 )		 1-hour (3) Same as primary
Lead 0.15 μg/m3 Rolling 3-month
average		 Same as primary
1.5 μg/m3 Quarterly average Same as primary
Particulate
Matter (PM10)		 150 μg/m3 24-hour (4) Same as primary
Particulate
Matter (PM2.5)		 15 μg/m3 Annual (5)
(arithmetic mean)		 Same as primary
35 μg/m3 24-hour (6) Same as primary
(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.

(2) The 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average at each monitor within
the area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppmv.
(3a) The expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly averages above
0.12 ppm must be equal to or less than 1.
(3b) As of June 15, 2007 , the U.S. EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas except
for certain parts of 10 states.
(4) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.
(5) The 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple
community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15 μg/m3.
(6) The 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented
monitor within the area must not exceed 35.5 μg/m3.

The units of measure used for concentrations in the above table are parts per million by volume (ppmv), milligrams per cubic meter of air at 101.325 kPa and 25 °C (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air at 101.325 kPa and 25 °C (µg/m3). See Air pollutant concentrations for the conversions between gas concentrations ppmv and mg/m3.

Air quality areas not in compliance with the NAAQS as of 2009

A network of about 4,000 State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) is used to determine if geographic areas are meeting or exceeding the NAAQS. Attainment areas are those geographic areas that stay at or below the NAAQS. Nonattainment areas are areas in which the NAAQS for a criteria pollutant are being exceeded.

The map below depicts the counties in the United States that have not attained compliance with the NAAQS standards for one or more of the criteria pollutants as of 2009:[9]

(PD) Image: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

References

  1. ↑ Clean Air Act (The entire text as of February 24, 2004)
  2. ↑ Clean Air Act (From the U.S. EPA website: "Legislation passed since 1990 has made several minor changes.")
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 National Air Quality Standards As summarized on the website of the U.S. EPA
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Full text of 40 CFR 50 Title 40 Part 50 of the United States of America Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) containing the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  5. ↑ New Air Quality Directive From the European Union's website
  6. ↑ Air Quality Strategy from the website of the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
  7. ↑ Air Quality Guidelines From the website of the World Health Organization
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 PM10 is particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm (micrometer) or less. PM2.5 is particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (micrometer) or less.
  9. ↑ Counties Designated As Nonattainment Areas
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