Urinary incontinence: Difference between revisions

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==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Clinical practice guideline]]s address the treatment of males.
<ref name="pmid20484350">{{cite journal| author=Jones C, Hill J, Chapple C, Guideline Development Group| title=Management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 340 | issue=  | pages= c2354 | pmid=20484350
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20484350 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c2354 }} </ref>
===Prompted voiding===
===Prompted voiding===
Prompted voiding helps according to a [[systematic review]].<ref name="pmid19046552">{{cite journal |author=Fink HA, Taylor BC, Tacklind JW, Rutks IR, Wilt TJ |title=Treatment interventions in nursing home residents with urinary incontinence: a systematic review of randomized trials |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=1332–43 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19046552 |doi= |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/Abstract.asp?AID=4832&Abst=Abstract&UID= |issn=}}</ref>
Prompted voiding helps according to a [[systematic review]].<ref name="pmid19046552">{{cite journal |author=Fink HA, Taylor BC, Tacklind JW, Rutks IR, Wilt TJ |title=Treatment interventions in nursing home residents with urinary incontinence: a systematic review of randomized trials |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=1332–43 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19046552 |doi= |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/Abstract.asp?AID=4832&Abst=Abstract&UID= |issn=}}</ref>

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Urinary incontinence is defined as "Involuntary loss of urine, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes."[1]

Classification

Urge incontinence

Stress incontinence

Etiology/Cause

Incontinence is more common after a hysterectomy.[2]

Diagnosis

A systematic review by the Rational Clinical Examination has reviewed hot to diagnose the types of incontinence and concluded that the "most helpful component for diagnosing urge urinary incontinence is a history of urine loss associated with urgency. A bladder stress test may be helpful for diagnosing stress urinary incontinence."[3] The bladder stress test is "performed while the woman is supine or standing, involves observation for urine loss immediately on coughing or with a Valsalva maneuver".[3]

Treatment

Clinical practice guidelines address the treatment of males. [4]

Prompted voiding

Prompted voiding helps according to a systematic review.[5]

Exercises

Kegel exercises to strengthen or retrain pelvic floor muscles and sphincter muscles can reduce stress leakage.[6] Patients younger than 60 years old benefit the most.[6] The patient should do at least 24 daily contractions for at least 6 weeks.[6] A systematic review concluded "pelvic floor muscle training would resolve 490 cases of stress urinary incontinence."[7]

Weight loss

Weight loss was helpful in a randomized controlled trial.[8]

Medications

Urge incontinence

For urge incontinence (detrusor instability) anticholinergic drugs such as oxybutynin and tolterodine are effective according to a systematic review.[9]A randomized controlled trial found that trospium is effective.[10]

Stress incontinence

For stress incontinence, phenylpropanolamine 50 mg twice daily by mouth can help.[11][12][13]

Topical estrogen can help[14] and can be combined with phenylpropanolamine[13].

Surgery

Among surgical options, a randomized controlled trial found greater benefit, but more complications from Fascial sling surgery as compared to Burch colposuspension.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  2. ↑ Altman D, Granath F, Cnattingius S, Falconer C (2007). "Hysterectomy and risk of stress-urinary-incontinence surgery: nationwide cohort study". Lancet 370 (9597): 1494–9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61635-3. PMID 17964350. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE (2008). "What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have?". JAMA 299 (12): 1446-56. DOI:10.1001/jama.299.12.1446. PMID 18364487. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Jones C, Hill J, Chapple C, Guideline Development Group (2010). "Management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: summary of NICE guidance.". BMJ 340: c2354. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c2354. PMID 20484350. Research Blogging.
  5. ↑ Fink HA, Taylor BC, Tacklind JW, Rutks IR, Wilt TJ (December 2008). "Treatment interventions in nursing home residents with urinary incontinence: a systematic review of randomized trials". Mayo Clin. Proc. 83 (12): 1332–43. PMID 19046552. [e]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Choi H, Palmer MH, Park J (2007). "Meta-analysis of pelvic floor muscle training: randomized controlled trials in incontinent women". Nursing research 56 (4): 226-34. DOI:10.1097/01.NNR.0000280610.93373.e1. PMID 17625461. Research Blogging.
  7. ↑ Tatyana A. Shamliyan et al., “Systematic Review: Randomized, Controlled Trials of Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women,” Ann Intern Med (February 11, 2008): http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/0000605-200803180-00211v1
  8. ↑ Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, Franklin F, Vittinghoff E, Creasman JM et al. (2009). "Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women.". N Engl J Med 360 (5): 481-90. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0806375. PMID 19179316. Research Blogging. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Aug;14(4):118 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2009 Oct;12(4):110
  9. ↑ Shamliyan TA, Kane RL, Wyman J, Wilt TJ (March 2008). "Systematic review: randomized, controlled trials of nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women". Ann. Intern. Med. 148 (6): 459–73. PMID 18268288. [e]
  10. ↑ Staskin D, Sand P, Zinner N, Dmochowski R (2007). "Once daily trospium chloride is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of overactive bladder: results from a multicenter phase III trial". J. Urol. 178 (3 Pt 1): 978–83; discussion 983–4. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.058. PMID 17632131. Research Blogging.
  11. ↑ Lehtonen T, Rannikko S, Lindell O, Talja M, Wuokko E, Lindskog M (1986). "The effect of phenylpropanolamine on female stress urinary incontinence". Ann Chir Gynaecol 75 (4): 236–41. PMID 3535621. [e]
  12. ↑ Collste L, Lindskog M (October 1987). "Phenylpropanolamine in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Double-blind placebo controlled study in 24 patients". Urology 30 (4): 398–403. PMID 3310369. [e]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Beisland HO, Fossberg E, Moer A, Sander S (1984). "Urethral sphincteric insufficiency in postmenopausal females: treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination. A urodynamic and clinical evaluation". Urol. Int. 39 (4): 211–6. PMID 6541387. [e]
  14. ↑ Holtedahl K, Verelst M, Schiefloe A (July 1998). "A population based, randomized, controlled trial of conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in women". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77 (6): 671–7. PMID 9688247. [e]
  15. ↑ Albo ME, Richter HE, Brubaker L, et al (2007). "Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress incontinence". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (21): 2143–55. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa070416. PMID 17517855. Research Blogging.
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