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'''Visbreaking''' is a [[chemical engineering]] process unit used  in [[Petroleum refining processes|petroleum refineries]] that reduces the [[viscosity]] of the residual oil from the refinery's [[Petroleum refining processes#atmospheric crude oil distillation|atmospheric]] or [[vacuum distillation]] of petroleum [[crude oil]] and increases the yield of more valuable [[middle distillate]]s ([[fuel oil]]s) by the refinery.<Ref>{{cite book|author=James H. Gary and Glenn E. Handwerk|title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|date=1984|id=ISBN 0-8247-7150-8}}</ref><ref name=Maples>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Maples|title=Petroleum Refinery Process Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Pennwell Books|date=2000|id=ISBN 0-87814-779-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Speight|title=The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum|Edition=4th Edition|publisher=CRC Press|date=2006|id=ISBN 0-8493-9067-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Staff|title= Refining Processes |journal=Hydrocarbon Processing|volume=|issue= |pages=pages 85-148 |date=November 2002|id=ISSN 0887-0284|url=}}</ref>


The process name of "visbreaking" refers to the fact that the process reduces (i.e., breaks) the [[viscosity]] of the residual oil.
==Process objectives==
The objectives of visbreaking are to:
* ''Reduce the viscosity of the feed stream'': Typically this is the residue from either the refinery's atmospheric or vacuum distillation of crude oil but can also be used  to reduce the viscosity of oils produced in the processing of [[tar sands]], certain high viscosity crude oils and other high viscosity oils.
* ''Reduce the amount of endproduct residual fuel oil produced by a refinery'': Residual fuel oil is generally regarded as a low value product. Demand for residual fuel continues to decrease as it is replaced in its traditional markets such as fuel needed to generate steam in [[power station]]s and by cleaner burning alternative fuels such as  [[natural gas]].
* ''Increase the proportion of middle distillates in the refinery output'': Middle distillate is used as a diluent with residual oils to bring their viscosity down to a marketable level. By reducing the viscosity of the residual stream in a visbreaker, a fuel oil can be made using less diluent and the middle distillate saved can be diverted to higher value diesel or heating oil manufacture.
==Technology==
Basically, a visbreaker [[Thermal cracking|thermally cracks]] large [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecules]] (into smaller molecules} by heating the residual oil from the refinery's crude oil atmospheric or vacuuum distillation units in a [[furnace]] to reduce its viscosity. It also produces by-product ([[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], [[naphtha]] (a component of [[gasoline]]) and fuel oils as well as refinery [[fuel gas]].
There are two types of the visbreaking process, ''soaker visbreaking'' and ''coil visbreaking. Both versions of the visbreaking process do not utilize any [[catalyst]].
===Soaker visbreaking===
In soaker visbreaking, the bulk of the cracking reaction occurs not in the furnace but in a drum located after the furnace called the soaker drum. The oil is held in the soaker drum at an elevated [[temperature]] for a pre-determined period of time to allow cracking to occur before it is routed into a [[Continuous distillation|distillation column]] (called an ''atmospheric fractionator'') operating at essentially [[atmospheric pressure]] where the products of the cracking (gas, naphtha and fuel oil) are separated and recovered. In soaker visbreaking, lower temperatures are used than in coil visbreaking. The longer duration of the cracking reaction that is provided by having a soaker drum compensates for the lower temperatures.
As for the products separated and recovered in the atmospheric fractionator, the gas is subsequently separated into refinery fuel gas and LPG. The naphtha is used as a component of the refinery's endproduct gasolines. The fuel oil can be [[diesel oil]], [[heating oil]] and/or higher-[[Boiling point|boiling]] fuel oil.
[[Image:Visbreaker.png|center|thumb|370px|{{#ifexist:Template:Visbreaker.png/credit|{{Visbreaker.png/credit}}<br/>|}}Schematic diagram of the visbreaking process.)]]
The bottoms from the atmospheric fractionator can be further processed by feeding it to a [[Vacuum distillation|vacuum fractionator]] called a ''vacuum flasher''. In the vacuum flasher,  additional high-boiling fuel oil (called ''gas oil'') can be recovered and routed either to [[fluid catalytic cracking]] (FCC) or [[hydrocracking]] units in the refinery. The bottoms from the vacuum-flasher is referred to as ''tar'' or ''pitch'' and is routed to the refinery's fuel oil blending system. In some refineries, visbreaker tar is routed to a [[delayed coker]] for the production of certain special petroleum cokes such as [[anode coke]] or [[needle coke]].
===Coil visbreaking===
The term coil (or furnace) visbreaking is applied to units where soaker drums are not used and where the cracking process occurs in the furnace tubes (or "coils"). The cracking product stream exiting the furnace is quenched to reduce its temperature so as to halt the cracking reactions. Frequently this is achieved by heat exchange with the feed stream being fed to the furnace which increases the efficiency of the process. In some designs, a stream of cold oil is used to the same effect. The oil is recovered and re-used. The extent of the cracking reaction is controlled by regulating the feed stream velocity through the furnace tubes.
The quenched oil is then routed into the atmospheric fractionator where the cracked products are separated and recovered. As in soaker cracking, the bottoms from the atmospheric fractionator can be further processed by feeding it to a ''vacuum flasher''.
===Soaker visbreaking versus coil visbreaking===
From the standpoint of yield, there is little or nothing to choose between the two approaches. However, each offers significant advantages in particular situations:
''De-coking'': The cracking reaction forms [[petroleum coke]] as a byproduct. In coil visbreaking, this lays down in the tubes of the furnace and will eventually lead to fouling or blocking of the tubes. The same will occur in the drum of a soaker visbreaker, though the lower temperatures used in the soaker drum lead to fouling at a much slower rate.
Coil visbreakers therefore require frequent de-coking. This is quite labor intensive, but can be developed into a routine where tubes are de-coked sequentially without the need to shutdown the visbreaking operation.
Soaker drums require far less frequent de-coking but their being taken out of service normally requires a complete halt to the operation. Which is the more disruptive activity will vary from refinery to refinery.
''Fuel Economy'': The lower temperatures used in the soaker approach mean that these units use less fuel. In cases where a refinery buys fuel to support process operations, any savings in fuel consumption could be extremely valuable. In such cases, soaker visbreaking may be advantageous.
==Quality and yields==
===Feed quality and product quality===
The quality of the feed going into a visbreaker will vary considerably with the type of crude oil that the refinery is processing. The following is a typical quality for the vacuum distillation residue of Arabian light (a crude oil from [[Saudi Arabia]] and widely refined around the world):
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Feedstock quality<br>(derived from Arabian light crude oil)
|-
! [[Density]]<br>(kg/L)
! [[Viscosity]] at 100 °C<br>([[centistokes]])
! [[Sulfur]] content<br>(weight %)
|-
|align="center"|1.020||align="center"|930||align="center"|4.0
|}
Once this feedstock has been processed in a visbreaker (and there will be considerable variation from visbreaker to visbreaker as no two will operate under exactly the same conditions) the  reduction in viscosity is dramatic:
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
|+ Product Residue Oil Quality
! [[Density]]<br>(kg/l)
! [[Viscosity]] at 100 °C<br>([[centistokes]])
! [[Sulfur]] content<br>(weight %)
|-
|align="center"|1.048||align="center"|115||align="center"|4.7
|}
===Yields===
The yields of the various hydrocarbon products will depend on the "severity" of the cracking operation as determined by the temperature the oil is heated to in the visbreaker furnace. At the low end of the scale, a furnace heating to 425 °C would crack only mildly, while operations at 500 °C would be considered as very severe. Arabian light crude residue when  visbroken at 450 °C would yield around 76% (by weight) of tar, 15% middle distillates, 6% gasolines and 3% gas and LPG.
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.fwc.com/industries/pdf/VisbreakingProcess.pdf FW/UOP Visbreaking Process]
*[http://www02.abb.com/GLOBAL/NOOFS/noofs187.nsf/viewunid/395C489CD8660473C12569EE00396A05/$file/Visbreak.pdf Shell Soaker Visbreaking]
* [http://www02.abb.com/GLOBAL/NOOFS/noofs187.nsf/viewunid/C409185DF141396485256AEF0068FB6A/$file/Shell+Deep.pdf Shell Deep Thermal Conversion]

Revision as of 14:53, 28 August 2008

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