User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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{{main|Conventional coal-fired power plant|Nuclear power plant}} | {{main|Conventional coal-fired power plant|Nuclear power plant}} | ||
The worldwide capacity of electrical power generation by [[conventional coal-fired power plant]]s currently amounts to about 800,000 MW<ref name=IEA>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf International Energy Agency, 2006, Key Energy Statistics] ([[International Energy Agency]])</ref><ref name=EIAHighlights>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html International Energy Outlook 2008; Highlights] ([[Energy Information Administration]], [[U.S. DOE]])</ref><ref name=EIACh.5>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/electricity.html International Energy Outlook 2008: Chapter 5] (Energy Information Administration, U.S. DOE)</ref> and the worldwide capacity of [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power generation]] amounts to about 370,000 MW.<ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/RDS1-29_web.pdf Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030] 2009 Edition, [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]</ref><ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/RDS1-29_web.pdf Nuclear Power Plants, Worldwide] [[European Nuclear Society]]</ref> That amounts to a total of 1,170,000 MW of worldwide generation, most of which involves the use of superheated steam to drive the [[Steam turbine|turbines]] that spin the [[electrical generator]]s. | The worldwide capacity of electrical power generation by [[conventional coal-fired power plant]]s currently amounts to about 800,000 MW<ref name=IEA>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf International Energy Agency, 2006, Key Energy Statistics] ([[International Energy Agency]])</ref><ref name=EIAHighlights>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html International Energy Outlook 2008; Highlights] ([[Energy Information Administration]], [[U.S. DOE]])</ref><ref name=EIACh.5>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/electricity.html International Energy Outlook 2008: Chapter 5] (Energy Information Administration, U.S. DOE)</ref> and the worldwide capacity of [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power generation]] amounts to about 370,000 MW.<ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/RDS1-29_web.pdf Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030] 2009 Edition, [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]</ref><ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/RDS1-29_web.pdf Nuclear Power Plants, Worldwide] [[European Nuclear Society]]</ref> That amounts to a total of 1,170,000 MW of worldwide generation, most of which involves the use of superheated steam to drive the [[Steam turbine|turbines]] that spin the [[electrical generator]]s.<ref>The amount would be even larger if power plants using other fuels were included (i.e., fuel oil, natural gas and biomass, wood, etc).</ref> | ||
===Cogeneration=== | ===Cogeneration=== | ||
Revision as of 18:36, 11 November 2009
Steam is the vapor (gaseous) phase of water (H2O). When the steam does not contain any liquid water, it is known as dry steam and it is completely colorless. However, when the steam contains tiny droplets of condensed liquid water, it appears to the eye as a white cloud (see the steam being vented from a geothermal power plant in the adjacent photograph).
What is very often referred to as smoke from cooling towers and other vents in industrial facilities is water vapor which has partially condensed and is mistaken to be white smoke.
Steam is manufactured in industrial processes by the boiling and vaporization of liquid water. It also occurs naturally by being vented from volcanoes, fumaroles, geysers and other geothermal sources.
Steam has a great many industrial and domestic uses. Probably the most important and by far the largest use of steam is in nuclear, fossil fuel and geothermal power plants .
Types of steam
As shown in the adjacent diagram, there are three types of steam:
- Wet steam: A mixture of water plus steam (liquid plus vapor) at the boiling point temperature of water at a given pressure.
- Dry steam: Steam, at the given pressure, that contains no water (also referred to as saturated steam).
- Superheatead steam: Dry steam, at the given pressure, that has been heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point of water at that pressure.
Referring to the adjacent drawing again, water is converted into wet, dry saturated or superheated steam in three steps:
- Water at point 1 is heated to its boiling point at the given pressure of point 2 (the dark blue line). At that point the water is then referred to as saturated water. The amount of heat added between between points 1 and 2 is called sensible heat.
- The water is further heated at constant pressure (the red isobar from point 2 to point 3) to form wet steam. When it is completely vaporized (at point 3), it is then dry saturated steam. The amount of heat required to completely vaporize the water is called the heat of vaporization and denoted as Hv or Hvap.
- The dry saturated steam is yet further heated at constant pressure (the red isobar from point 3 to point 4). The steam is then referred to as superheated steam. The amount of heat added to superheat the dry saturated steam is also called sensible heat.
Uses
Electricity generation
The worldwide capacity of electrical power generation by conventional coal-fired power plants currently amounts to about 800,000 MW[1][2][3] and the worldwide capacity of nuclear power generation amounts to about 370,000 MW.[4][5] That amounts to a total of 1,170,000 MW of worldwide generation, most of which involves the use of superheated steam to drive the turbines that spin the electrical generators.[6]
Cogeneration
In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants.[7]
Steam engines
A steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behavior of steam engines.
Heat transfer in industrial process facilities
Other uses
- Sterilization
- An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization.
- Agricultural
- In agriculture steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health.
- Domestic uses
- Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. "Steam showers" are actually low-temperature mist-generators, and do not actually use steam.
Steam tables and diagrams
Steam tables are tables of thermodynamic data for water/steam. They are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used. Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as a temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful.
References
- ↑ International Energy Agency, 2006, Key Energy Statistics (International Energy Agency)
- ↑ International Energy Outlook 2008; Highlights (Energy Information Administration, U.S. DOE)
- ↑ International Energy Outlook 2008: Chapter 5 (Energy Information Administration, U.S. DOE)
- ↑ Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030 2009 Edition, International Atomic Energy Agency
- ↑ Nuclear Power Plants, Worldwide European Nuclear Society
- ↑ The amount would be even larger if power plants using other fuels were included (i.e., fuel oil, natural gas and biomass, wood, etc).
- ↑ Carl Bevelhymer, "Steam", Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003