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{{Image|ANSI Logo.png|right|266px|Logo of the American National Standards Institute}}


The '''American National Standards Institute''' (ANSI) is a non-governmental, non-profit organization that coordinates and accredits the diverse standards developing organizations (SDOs), within the private and public sectors of the  [[United States]], that voluntarily develop technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services. ANSI itself does not develop any standards.<ref>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/About%20ANSI/Governance/ANSI%20_Constitution_and_By-Laws-Jan09.pdf ANSI Constitution and By-Laws, Approved January, 2009]</ref>
ANSI is headquartered in [[Washington, D.C.]] and it also maintains an operations office in [[New York]] city. As of 2009, ANSI had 835 members and there were more than 9,000 ANSI standards. It had also accredited about 220 SDOs. ANSI's total revenue and expenses for 2008 amounted to $28,100,000 and $30,300,000, respectively.<ref name=AnnualReport>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/News%20and%20Publications/Brochures/Annual%20Report%20Archive/2008-2009%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2008 – 2009 Annual Report]</ref>
==History==
In 1916, the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (now the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers]]) invited the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]], the [[American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers]] and the [[American Society of Testing Materials]] (now [[ASTM International]]) to join in establishing a national body to coordinate the development of standards. These five organizations later invited the [[U.S. Department of War]], [[U.S. Department of Navy]] and [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] to join them in founding such a national body, which they did.<ref name=HistoryOverview>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/News%20and%20Publications/Links%20Within%20Stories/ANSI%20-%20A%20Historical%20Overview.pdf 1918 – 2008 ANSI:A Historical Overview]</ref>
In 1918, the five national engineering societies, together with the U.S. Departments of War, Navy and Commerce, formed the [[American Engineering Standards Committee]] (AESC) with an annual budget of $7,500 provided by one founding bodies.<ref>P. G. Agnew, ''Work of the American Engineering Standards Committee'', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 137, Standards in Industry (May, 1928), pp. 13-16. (Partially available at [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1016760 Website of JSTOR.org])</ref>
In its first ten years, AESC approved national standards in the fields of mining, electrical and mechanical engineering,  construction and highway traffic. AESC was also active in promoting international cooperation and in 1926 hosted a conference that created the [[International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations]] (ISA) which was later to merge with the [[United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee]] (UNSCC) to become the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO).<ref name=HistoryOverview/>
As its activities evolved, AESC outgrew its original structure and, in 1928, was reorganized and renamed the [[American Standards Association]] (ASA). Three year later, in 1931, it became affiliated with the U.S. national committee of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC).<ref name=HistoryOverview/>
Shortly after [[World War II]], ASA joined with the national standards bodies of 26 other countries to help form ISO in 1947. In 1966, ASA was reorganized as the [[United States of America Standards Institute]] (USASI).<ref name=HistoryOverview/>
ASA changed its name to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1969. Throughout its various reorganizations and name changes, ANSI had been steadily increasing its efforts to coordinate and approve voluntary
national standards, now known as American National Standards.
In 1987, ANSI accepted responsibility for the administration of the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee on Information
Technology (JTC 1), the world’s largest known standardization committee. ANSI  also launched a cooperative
dialogue with its counterparts across in [[Europe]]. At the heart of this program was the establishment of an ANSI presence in Brussels that would provide for more timely information on European standards activities. Then, in 1989, ANSI also began to increase its outreach to the countries of [[Europe|Eastern Europe]], the [[Far East]], the [[Pacific Rim]], [[South America]] and [[Central America]].<ref name=HistoryOverview/>
As of now (2010), ANSI is embracing the needs of the growing service economy and strengthening consumer confidence in the products and services offered by the global economy.
==Membership and staff==
ANSI has six types or categories of members and two levels of membership. The six membership types are: '''''Company''''', '''''Government''''', '''''Organizational''''',<BR/> '''''Educational''''', '''''International''''' and '''''Individual'''''.
The two levels of membership are '''''Full membership''''' and '''''Basic membership'''''. The table below defines the benefits extended to each of the two membership levels along with the membership categories for which each level is eligible
<center>
{| class = "wikitable"
|+ Membership Levels and Eligible Membership Categories<ref>[http://www.ansi.org/membership/overview/overview.aspx?menuid=2www.ansi.org/membership Member Benefits, Categories, Levels and Programs]</ref>
! Level!!Categories
|-
| '''''Full Membership'''''<BR/>Includes unlimited representatives per<BR/>membership, full participation and access<BR/>rights and up to 20% discount on selected<BR/> standards purchased through ANSI|| Company, Government,<BR/> Organizational, Educational
|-
| '''''Basic Membership'''''<BR/>Includes only one representatives per<BR/>membership, limited participation and access<BR/>rights and up to 10% discount on selected<BR/> standards purchased through ANSI||Company, Government, Educational,<BR/>International, Individual
|}
</center>
As of September 2009, ANSI had 835 members distributed as: 453 Company members, 29 Governmental members, 319 Organizational members, 15 Educational members, 18 International members and 1 Sponsored/Subsidiary member.<ref name=AnnualReport/> Since Full Memberships may have unlimited representative individuals, then the number of individual representatives was probably very much higher than 835.
The permanent staff of ANSI, as of February 2010, amounts to 20 people in the Washington, D.C. office and 79 people in the New York city office.<ref>Personal communication with ANSI, dated February 9, 2010.</ref>
==The standardization and accreditation process==
As stated earlier above, ANSI does not develop any standards. Instead, ANSI oversees the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures used by the of standards developing organizations (SDOs). Accreditation by ANSI signifies that the procedures used by the SDOs meet ANSI's  requirements for due process as expressed in the ANSI's document entitled '''''ANSI Essential Requirements'''''.<ref name=Essential>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/Standards%20Activities/American%20National%20Standards/Procedures,%20Guides,%20and%20Forms/2008%20ANSI%20Essential%20Requirements/2008%20ANSI%20Essential%20Requirements%20031108.pdf ANSI Essential Requirements: Due process requirements for American National Standards] January 2008</ref><ref name=Introduction>[http://www.ansi.org/about_ansi/introduction/introduction.aspx?menuid=1 Introduction to ANSI]</ref><ref>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/News%20and%20Publications/Brochures/U.S.%20Standardization%20System-07.pdf Overview of the U.S. Standardization System] 2nd Edition, 2007</ref>
The major point stressed in ANSI's essential requirements is '''''due process''''' which is defined as meaning that
anyone (organization, company, government agency, individual, etc.) with a direct, material interest in the proposed activity has a right to participate by expressing a position and its basis, having that position considered, and having the right to appeal. Due process allows for equity and fair play.  The key components of due process are further defined as:<ref name=Essential/>
;Openness: Participation shall be open to all persons who are directly and materially affected by the activity in question and without undue financial barriers to participation. Voting rights shall not be conditional upon membership in any organization, nor unreasonably restricted on the basis of technical qualifications or other such requirements.
;Lack of dominance: The standards development process shall not be dominated by any single interest category, individual or organization.
;Balance:The standards development process should have a balance of interests. Participants from diverse interest categories shall be sought with the objective of achieving balance.
;Coordination and harmonization: Good faith efforts shall be made to resolve potential conflicts between and among existing American National Standards and proposed candidate American National Standards.
;Notification of standards development: Notification of standards activity shall be announced in suitable media so as to provide an opportunity for participation by all directly and materially affected persons.
;Consideration of views and objections: Prompt consideration must be given to the written views and objections of all participants.
;Consensus vote: Evidence of a consensus vote, as defined by ANSI, shall be documented.
;Appeals: Written appeals procedures shall contain an identifiable, realistic, and readily available appeals mechanism for the impartial handling of procedural appeals regarding any action or inaction.
==Participation in international standardization==
ANSI is the sole U.S. representative and member of the two major international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). As a founding member of ISO, ANSI plays a strong leadership role in its governing body. Also, since ANSI is the U.S. National Committee of the IEC, the U.S. participation in the IEC is equally strong.<ref name=Introduction/>
ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups.<ref name=Introduction/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 14:33, 9 February 2010

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