Gyrification: Difference between revisions

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In brain anatomy, '''gyrification''' (also known as '''foliation''') refers to the folding of the [[cerebral cortex]] during [[brain development]] in many [[vertebrate]] [[taxa]], including [[songbirds]], [[cetacean]]s and [[primate]]s<ref name=Hofman1989>{{cite journal
In brain anatomy, '''gyrification''' (also known as '''foliation''') refers to the folding of the [[cerebral cortex|cerebral]] and [[cerebellum|cerebellar]] cortices during [[brain development]] in many [[vertebrate]] [[taxa]], including [[songbirds]], [[cetacean]]s and [[primate]]s<ref name=Hofman1989>{{cite journal
  | author = Hofman, M.A.
  | author = Hofman, M.A.
  | year = 1989
  | year = 1989
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}}</ref>.  
}}</ref>.  


This multitude of underlying processes has rendered the concept of gyrification increasingly important for clinical diagnostics in recent years, since disturbances in the folding pattern &mdash; as determined by non-invasive [[neuroimaging]] &mdash; can be taken as indicators of [[neuropsychiatric disease]]s. Patients with [[schizophrenia]] or [[Williams syndrome]], for example, can be readily distinguished from [[healthy control]] populations on the basis of gyrification measures<ref name=Schmitt2002>{{cite journal
This multitude of underlying processes has rendered the concept of gyrification increasingly important for clinical diagnostics in recent years, since gyrification appears to correlate with measures of intelligence <ref name= Luders2007>{{citation
| author = Lüders, Eileen; Narr, Katherine L.; Bilder, Robert M.; Szeszko, Philip R.; Gurbani, Mala N.; Hamilton, Liberty; Toga, Arthur W.; Gaser, Christian
| year = 2007
| title = Mapping the Relationship between Cortical Convolution and Intelligence: Effects of Gender
| journal = Cerebral Cortex
| volume = 18
| issue = 9
| pages = 2019
| doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhm227
| pmid = 18089578
}}</ref>, and disturbances in the folding pattern &mdash; as determined by non-invasive [[neuroimaging]] &mdash; can be taken as indicators of [[neuropsychiatric disease]]s. Patients with [[schizophrenia]] or [[Williams syndrome]], for example, can be readily distinguished from [[healthy control]] populations on the basis of gyrification measures<ref name=Schmitt2002>{{cite journal
  | author = Schmitt, J.E.
  | author = Schmitt, J.E.
  | coauthors = Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L.
  | coauthors = Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L.

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In brain anatomy, gyrification (also known as foliation) refers to the folding of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices during brain development in many vertebrate taxa, including songbirds, cetaceans and primates[1][2][3].

While the extent of cortical folding has been found to be partly determined by genetic factors[4][5], the underlying biomechanical mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a gel that buckles under the influence of non-isotropic forces[6][7]. Possible causes of the non-isotropy include thermal noise, variations in the number and timing of cell divisions, cell migration, cortical connectivity, pruning, brain size and metabolism (phospholipids in particular), all of which may interact[8][9].

This multitude of underlying processes has rendered the concept of gyrification increasingly important for clinical diagnostics in recent years, since gyrification appears to correlate with measures of intelligence [10], and disturbances in the folding pattern — as determined by non-invasive neuroimaging — can be taken as indicators of neuropsychiatric diseases. Patients with schizophrenia or Williams syndrome, for example, can be readily distinguished from healthy control populations on the basis of gyrification measures[11].

References

  1. ↑ Hofman, M.A. (1989). "On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals.". Prog Neurobiol 32 (2): 137-58. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  2. ↑ Armstrong, E.; Schleicher, A.; Omran, H.; Curtis, M.; Zilles, K. (1995). "The Ontogeny of Human Gyrification". Cerebral Cortex 5 (1): 56-63. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  3. ↑ Mayhew, T.M.; Mwamengele, G.L.; Dantzer, V.; Williams, S. (1996). "The gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex: quantitative evidence of anisomorphic surface expansion during phylogenetic and ontogenetic development.". Journal of Anatomy 188 (Pt 1): 53. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  4. ↑ Bartley, A.J.; Jones, D.W.; Weinberger, D.R.. "Genetic variability of human brain size and cortical gyral patterns". Brain 120 (2): 257-269. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  5. ↑ Chenn, Anjen; Walsh, Christopher A. (2002), "Regulation of Cerebral Cortical Size by Control of Cell Cycle Exit in Neural Precursors", Science 297 (5580): 365–9, DOI:10.1126/science.1074192 [e]
  6. ↑ Van Essen, D.C. (1997). "A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system". Nature 385 (6614): 313-8. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  7. ↑ Mora, T.; Boudaoud, A. (2006). "Buckling of swelling gels". The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter 20 (2): 119-124. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  8. ↑ Price, D.J. (2004). "Lipids make smooth brains gyrate". Trends in Neurosciences 27 (7): 362-364. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  9. ↑ Toro, R.; Perron, M.; Pike, B.; Richer, L.; Veillette, S.; Pausova, Z.; Paus, T. (2008). "Brain Size and Folding of the Human Cerebral Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  10. ↑ Lüders, Eileen; Narr, Katherine L.; Bilder, Robert M.; Szeszko, Philip R.; Gurbani, Mala N.; Hamilton, Liberty; Toga, Arthur W.; Gaser, Christian (2007), "Mapping the Relationship between Cortical Convolution and Intelligence: Effects of Gender", Cerebral Cortex 18 (9): 2019, DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhm227
  11. ↑ Schmitt, J.E.; Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. (2002). "Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: evidence using 3D MRI methods". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 44 (5): 292-295. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x. Research Blogging.
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