Serratia marcescens: Difference between revisions

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{{CZ:Biol_201:_General_Microbiology/EZnotice}}
{{subpages}}
{{Taxobox
| color = red
| name = ''Serratia marcescens''
| image = Serratia marcescens.jpg
| image_caption = ''S. marcescens'' on an agar plate.
| regnum = Bacterium|Bacteria
| phylum = Proteobacteria
| classis = Gammaproteobacteria
| ordo = Enterobacteriales
| familia = Enterobacteriaceae
| genus = Serratia
| species = '''''S. marcescens'''''
| binomial = ''Serratia marcescens''
| binomial_authority = Bizio 1823
}}


==Description and significance==
Serratia marcescens are gram-negative bacteria which falls under the tribe Klebsielleae and the large family Enterobacteriaceae.  It is motile bacteria that are facultative anaerobes.The species, Serratia marcescens is the main pathogen under the genus Serratia.  Strains of S marcescens produce prodigiosin, the pigment that gives the bacteria its unique red color. They are rod shaped/ bacillus. It is found in numerous different environments.  As a human pathogen, however, it is primarily contracted by hospital patients resulting in urinary and respiratory tract infections.  It is also resistant to numerous antibiotics.<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228495-overview Basilio J Anía, MD “Serratia” ''eMedicine''. 1 Oct 2009</ref>
==Cell Features and Functions ==
Serratia marcescens are facultative anaerobes, which means they prefer oxygen as a source but can do with out. The red pigment, prodigiosin, is characteristic to the bacteria and is produced by the condensation of an enzyme that forms the pigment. 
S. marcescens have other distinct features.  As opposed to other gram-negative bacteria, they can perform casein hydrolysis; producing metalloproteinases which allow f cell-to-extracellular matrix interaction. For different metabolic process to function S. marcescens also degrade tryptophan and citrate. Citrate is a carbon source for S. marcescens. Researchers have discovered other features of the bacteria, such as adherence and hydrophobicity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In a methyl red test, the bacteria tests negative because it does not perform mixed-acid fermentation. It also produces lactic acid resulting from oxidation and fermentation.  Different enzymes have been identified in S. marcescens that contribute to its virulence, such as chitinase, lipase, chloroperoxidase and an extracellular protein, HasA. <ref>http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/11/903?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=Serratia+marcescens&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT..[Hejazi, A. ; F. R. Falkiner1 “Serratia marcescens” J Med Microbiology 46 (1997), 903-912; DOI: 10.1099/00222615-46-11-903. April 1, 1997.</ref>
==Genome structure==
The Sanger Institute was funded by the Wellcome Trust, and CNRS, to sequence the genome of Serratia marcescens strain Db11. Dr. Jonathan Ewbank of the Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy is involved in the sequencing as well. .
The genome was completed and  consists of a single circular chromosome of 5,113,802 bp with a G+C content of 59.51%.
The shotgun reads are still available. The database contains 80,227 reads totalling 51.619 Mb and giving a theoretical coverage of 99.99% of the genome.<ref>http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_marcescens/.</ref>
==Ecology and Habitat==
S. marcescens are omnipresent. They are mesophilic bacteria that prefer moderate or preferably damp environments. Their optimal temperature is at 38C. Extremely low or high temperature and even pH are lethal to S. marcescens. It can be found in soil, or water, or in an infected host. Ranging from vertebrates, invertebrates, including plants, S. marcescens can infect almost anything. In humans they are mainly found in the urinary and respiratory tract, but any part of the body is susceptible. <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genomeprj&cmd=search&term=Serratia%20marcescens</ref>
==Discovery==
S. marcescens was discovered in 1819 by Bartolomeo Bizio, an Italian pharmacist from Padua. He named the bacteria after the Italian physicist Giacinto Serrati. He first spotted it on cornmeal mush, polenta. The red color on the mush was S. marcescens.
For along time the bacterium was not seen as a harmful pathogen but rather a harmless bacterium to experiment with.In the late 1800’s it became known as an infectious pathogen.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368530</ref>
==Pathology==
S. marcescens is a common cause of infections in hospitals, or nosocomial infections. Transmission could be as simple as shaking a hand. In hospitals they are especially existent in the neonatal unit, or ICU. Also contaminated hospital equipment also be blamed for transmission. Syringes, catheters, solutions and other things may have the bacteria on them and cause transmission. That is why it can be observed in heroin addicts who use syringes.
Treatment includes cephalosporins, gentamicin, amikacin. However, resistance to the antibiotic is an innate characteristic, formed from r-factors on the plasmids of the S. marcescens. The bacteria has a resistance to ampicillin, macrolides, and first-generation cephalosporins.
Antibiotics used to treat serratia infection include beta-lactam agents, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones and a variety of different resistance mechanisms have been demonstrated.<ref> PMID: 9368530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368530</ref> It can cause infection anywhere even in the eye causing conjunctivitis, or keratitis.<ref>http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/pathogens/bacteria/full_serratia_species.html </ref>
==Application to Biotechnology==
==Current Research==
== References: ==
<references/>
*http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228495-overview Basilio J Anía, MD “Serratia” ''eMedicine''. 1 Oct 2009
*http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/11/903?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=Serratia+marcescens&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT..[Hejazi, A. ; F. R. Falkiner1 “Serratia marcescens” J Med Microbiology 46 (1997), 903-912; DOI: 10.1099/00222615-46-11-903. April 1, 1997.
*http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_marcescens/
*http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genomeprj&cmd=search&term=Serratia%20marcescens
*http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368530]
*http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/pathogens/bacteria/full_serratia_species.html
*PMID: 9368530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368530

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