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| == '''[[Hypercholesterolemia]]''' ==
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| '''Hypercholesterolemia''' is "a condition with abnormally high levels of [[cholesterol]] in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population."<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?term=Hypercholesterolemia |title=Hypercholesterolemia |accessdate=2008-01-18 |author=Anonymous |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher=National Library of Medicine }}</ref> It should be differentiated from [[dyslipidemia]], where the total cholesterol may not be abnormally high, but the ratios of lipid components are in an unhealthy range.
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| ===Prognostication===
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| Non-HDL cholesterol and [[apolipoprotein]] B levels may better predict subsequent [[vascular disease]] thatn LDL-C levels.<ref name="pmid22453571">{{cite journal| author=Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ et al.| title=Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2012 | volume= 307 | issue= 12 | pages= 1302-9 | pmid=22453571 | doi=10.1001/jama.2012.366 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22453571 }} </ref>According to the Friedewald formula, non-HDL cholesterol is LDL-cholesterol LDL-C and VLDL-C.<ref name="pmid4337382">{{cite journal| author=Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS| title=Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. | journal=Clin Chem | year= 1972 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 499-502 | pmid=4337382 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> If LDL-C levels are used as goals of therapy:<ref name="pmid12485966">{{cite journal| author=National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)| title=Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 106 | issue= 25 | pages= 3143-421 | pmid=12485966 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Hypercholesterolemia#References|notes]]
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Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020
The Mathare Valley slum near Nairobi, Kenya, in 2009.
Poverty is deprivation based on lack of material resources. The concept is value-based and political. Hence its definition, causes and remedies (and the possibility of remedies) are highly contentious.[1] The word poverty may also be used figuratively to indicate a lack, instead of material goods or money, of any kind of quality, as in a poverty of imagination.
Definitions
Primary and secondary poverty
The use of the terms primary and secondary poverty dates back to Seebohm Rowntree, who conducted the second British survey to calculate the extent of poverty. This was carried out in York and was published in 1899. He defined primary poverty as having insufficient income to “obtain the minimum necessaries for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency”. In secondary poverty, the income “would be sufficient for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency were it not that some portion of it is absorbed by some other expenditure.” Even with these rigorous criteria he found that 9.9% of the population was in primary poverty and a further 17.9% in secondary.[2]
Absolute and comparative poverty
More recent definitions tend to use the terms absolute and comparative poverty. Absolute is in line with Rowntree's primary poverty, but comparative poverty is usually expressed in terms of ability to play a part in the society in which a person lives. Comparative poverty will thus vary from one country to another.[3] The difficulty of definition is illustrated by the fact that a recession can actually reduce "poverty".
Causes of poverty
The causes of poverty most often considered are:
- Character defects
- An established “culture of poverty”, with low expectations handed down from one generation to another
- Unemployment
- Irregular employment, and/or low pay
- Position in the life cycle (see below) and household size
- Disability
- Structural inequality, both within countries and between countries. (R H Tawney: “What thoughtful rich people call the problem of poverty, thoughtful poor people call with equal justice a problem of riches”)[4]
As noted above, most of these, or the extent to which they can be, or should be changed, are matters of heated controversy.
- ↑ Alcock, P. Understanding poverty. Macmillan. 1997. ch 1.
- ↑ Harris, B. The origins of the British welfare state. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Also, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ Alcock, Pt II
- ↑ Alcock, Preface to 1st edition and pt III.
