Exercise: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Robert Badgett |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (16 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | {{subpages}} | ||
Exercise is " | '''Exercise''' is "[[physical activity]] which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining [[physical fitness]] or [[health]]."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> | ||
==Types of physical activities== | ==Types of physical activities== | ||
===Usual daily activities=== | ===Usual daily activities=== | ||
[[Physical activity]] may be described in terms of the intensity levels <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/pdf/PA_Intensity_table_2_1.pdf |title=Exercise Categories |accessdate=2008-02-12 |format= |work=}}</ref>. | |||
"Neighborhood physical and social environmental factors are significantly associated with walking at recommended levels."<ref name="pmid17932724">{{cite journal |author=Wen M, Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS |title=Walking for Transportation or Leisure: What Difference Does the Neighborhood Make? |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=17932724 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0400-4}}</ref> | "Neighborhood physical and social environmental factors are significantly associated with walking at recommended levels."<ref name="pmid17932724">{{cite journal |author=Wen M, Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS |title=Walking for Transportation or Leisure: What Difference Does the Neighborhood Make? |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=17932724 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0400-4}}</ref> | ||
===Moderate to high intensity exercise=== | ===Moderate to high intensity exercise=== | ||
(in progress) | (in progress) | ||
==Metabolism and energy== | |||
===Oxygen consumption=== | |||
{{main|Metabolic equivalent}} | |||
===Energy consumption=== | |||
The amount of energy expended with exercise, or the work, is measured in [[calorie]]s. Using running as an example: | |||
:<math>kinetic\ energy = \frac{1}{2} * mass * velocity ^2</math> | |||
:<math>work =\ force * distance </math> | |||
In running, work is directly dependent on: | |||
* Body weight | |||
* Duration | |||
Work is indirectly dependent on: | |||
* Speed | |||
==Effects of exercise== | ==Effects of exercise== | ||
=== | ===Effects on Hypertension=== | ||
Exercise programs that primarily involve endurance activities prevent the development of hypertension and lower blood pressure (BP) in adults with normal BP and those with hypertension <ref name="pmid15076798">{{cite journal |author=Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA |title=American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension |journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=533–53 |year=2004 |pmid=15076798 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0195-9131&volume=36&issue=3&spage=533}}</ref>. | |||
===Insulin sensitivity=== | |||
(in progress) | (in progress) | ||
=== | ===Insulin production=== | ||
Aerobic exercise was shown to increase beta cell function in older persons, in whom both insulin production and insulin sensitivity are frequently impaired.<ref name="pmid18000089">{{cite journal |author=Bloem CJ, Chang AM |title=Short-term Exercise Improves {beta}-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Older People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=18000089 |doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1734 |issn=}}</ref> | Aerobic exercise was shown to increase beta cell function in older persons, in whom both insulin production and insulin sensitivity are frequently impaired.<ref name="pmid18000089">{{cite journal |author=Bloem CJ, Chang AM |title=Short-term Exercise Improves {beta}-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Older People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=18000089 |doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1734 |issn=}}</ref> | ||
=== | ===Mood and cognition=== | ||
The effects of exercise on mood and mental functioning, described by the latin quotation ''Mens sana in corpore sano'' (a healthy mind in a healthy body), are profound. Research attempting to isolate the biochemical nature of this relationship showed that the access to the brain of the [[insulin-like growth factor I]], which is stimulated by physical activity, could explain much of the beneficial effects of exercise.<ref name="pmid10751445">{{cite journal |author=Carro E, Nuñez A, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I |title=Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=2926–33 |year=2000 |pmid=10751445 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/20/8/2926}}</ref> | The effects of exercise on mood and mental functioning, described by the latin quotation ''Mens sana in corpore sano'' (a healthy mind in a healthy body), are profound. Research attempting to isolate the biochemical nature of this relationship showed that the access to the brain of the [[insulin-like growth factor I]] (IGF-1), which is stimulated by physical activity, could explain much of the beneficial effects of exercise.<ref name="pmid10751445">{{cite journal |author=Carro E, Nuñez A, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I |title=Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=2926–33 |year=2000 |pmid=10751445 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/20/8/2926}}</ref> It is apparent that exercise lessens anxiety and increases cognitive skills by stimulating the birth of new neurons, [[neurogenesis]], in the [[hippocampus]], and that this process is in large part mediated by IGF-1.<ref name="pmid18086533">{{cite journal |author=Trejo JL, Llorens-Martín MV, Torres-Alemán I |title=The effects of exercise on spatial learning and anxiety-like behavior are mediated by an IGF-I-dependent mechanism related to hippocampal neurogenesis |journal=Mol Cell Neurosci |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=18086533 |doi=10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.016}}</ref> | ||
As little as 20 minutes of exercise per week is associated with improved mental health.<ref>Mark Hamer, Emmanual Stamatakis, and Andrew Steptoe, “Dose response relationship between physical activity and mental health: The Scottish Health Survey,” Br J Sports Med (April 10, 2008): {{doi|bjsm.2008.046243}}. </ref> | |||
Exercise may reduce [[anxiety]].<ref name="pmid20177034">{{cite journal| author=Herring MP, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK| title=The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 170 | issue= 4 | pages= 321-31 | pmid=20177034 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20177034 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.530 }}</ref> | |||
===Harm reduction=== | |||
Considering the magnitude of the health effects of exercise, it is justified to enquire if this strategy can act as protective measure against the harm associated with a variety of unhealthy practices that patients are unable or unwilling to abandon. [[Harm reduction]] is a pragmatic approach to medical and psychological care that seeks to address the needs of such persons, instead of focussing only on coercitive and poorly effective approaches to unhealthy behaviours, most notably addictions. | |||
It appears that engaging in higher physical activities neutralizes many of the deleterious effects of tobacco smoking.<ref name="pmid16766410">{{cite journal |author=deRuiter W, Faulkner G |title=Tobacco harm reduction strategies: the case for physical activity |journal=Nicotine Tob. Res. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=157–68 |year=2006 |pmid=16766410 |doi=10.1080/14622200500494823}}</ref> Tobacco addiction in itself leads to a tendency to physical inactivity, a fact that should reinforce the need to investigate the health effects of exercise and promote its value in tobacco addiction, the major cause of lung cancer. | |||
===Mortality=== | ===Mortality=== | ||
Physical fitness, as measured by maximal treadmill exercise test duration, correlates with longevity in the [[geriatrics|elderly]] | Physical fitness, as measured by maximal treadmill exercise test duration, correlates with longevity in the [[geriatrics|elderly]]<ref name="pmidpending">Xuemei Sui et al., “Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Mortality Predictors in Older Adults,” JAMA 298, no. 21 (December 5, 2007), http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/21/2507 (accessed December 5, 2007).</ref> as well as both longevity and functional status.<ref>Laurel B. Yates et al., “Exceptional Longevity in Men: Modifiable Factors Associated With Survival and Function to Age 90 Years,” Arch Intern Med 168, no. 3 (February 11, 2008): 284-290. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/168/3/284</ref> | ||
==Promoting exercise== | |||
Methods of promotion cycling have been reviewed.<ref name="pmid20959282">{{cite journal| author=Yang L, Sahlqvist S, McMinn A, Griffin SJ, Ogilvie D| title=Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue= | pages= c5293 | pmid=20959282 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c5293 | pmc=PMC2957539 | url= }} </ref> | |||
Signs placed in public places where steps are available may increase usage of the stairs.<ref name="pmid9735063">{{cite journal |author=Andersen RE, Franckowiak SC, Snyder J, Bartlett SJ, Fontaine KR |title=Can inexpensive signs encourage the use of stairs? Results from a community intervention |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=363–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9735063 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18019888">{{cite journal |author=Webb OJ, Eves FF |title=Promoting stair climbing: intervention effects generalize to a subsequent stair ascent |journal=Am J Health Promot |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=114–9 |year=2007 |pmid=18019888 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16763074">{{cite journal |author=Webb OJ, Eves FF |title=Promoting stair climbing: effects of message specificity and validation |journal=Health Educ Res |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |year=2007 |pmid=16763074 |doi=10.1093/her/cyl045}}</ref> | |||
Use of a pedometer is "associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure" according to a [[systematic review]].<ref name="pmid18029834">{{cite journal |author=Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, ''et al'' |title=Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=19 |pages=2296–304 |year=2007 |pmid=18029834 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.19.2296}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:CZ Live]] [[Category:Health Sciences Workgroup]] | [[Category:CZ Live]] [[Category:Health Sciences Workgroup]][[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:00, 14 August 2024
Exercise is "physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining physical fitness or health."[1]
Types of physical activities
Usual daily activities
Physical activity may be described in terms of the intensity levels [2].
"Neighborhood physical and social environmental factors are significantly associated with walking at recommended levels."[3]
Moderate to high intensity exercise
(in progress)
Metabolism and energy
Oxygen consumption
Energy consumption
The amount of energy expended with exercise, or the work, is measured in calories. Using running as an example:
In running, work is directly dependent on:
- Body weight
- Duration
Work is indirectly dependent on:
- Speed
Effects of exercise
Effects on Hypertension
Exercise programs that primarily involve endurance activities prevent the development of hypertension and lower blood pressure (BP) in adults with normal BP and those with hypertension [4].
Insulin sensitivity
(in progress)
Insulin production
Aerobic exercise was shown to increase beta cell function in older persons, in whom both insulin production and insulin sensitivity are frequently impaired.[5]
Mood and cognition
The effects of exercise on mood and mental functioning, described by the latin quotation Mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body), are profound. Research attempting to isolate the biochemical nature of this relationship showed that the access to the brain of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), which is stimulated by physical activity, could explain much of the beneficial effects of exercise.[6] It is apparent that exercise lessens anxiety and increases cognitive skills by stimulating the birth of new neurons, neurogenesis, in the hippocampus, and that this process is in large part mediated by IGF-1.[7]
As little as 20 minutes of exercise per week is associated with improved mental health.[8]
Exercise may reduce anxiety.[9]
Harm reduction
Considering the magnitude of the health effects of exercise, it is justified to enquire if this strategy can act as protective measure against the harm associated with a variety of unhealthy practices that patients are unable or unwilling to abandon. Harm reduction is a pragmatic approach to medical and psychological care that seeks to address the needs of such persons, instead of focussing only on coercitive and poorly effective approaches to unhealthy behaviours, most notably addictions. It appears that engaging in higher physical activities neutralizes many of the deleterious effects of tobacco smoking.[10] Tobacco addiction in itself leads to a tendency to physical inactivity, a fact that should reinforce the need to investigate the health effects of exercise and promote its value in tobacco addiction, the major cause of lung cancer.
Mortality
Physical fitness, as measured by maximal treadmill exercise test duration, correlates with longevity in the elderly[11] as well as both longevity and functional status.[12]
Promoting exercise
Methods of promotion cycling have been reviewed.[13]
Signs placed in public places where steps are available may increase usage of the stairs.[14][15][16]
Use of a pedometer is "associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure" according to a systematic review.[17]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Exercise (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Exercise Categories. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ↑ Wen M, Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS (2007). "Walking for Transportation or Leisure: What Difference Does the Neighborhood Make?". DOI:10.1007/s11606-007-0400-4. PMID 17932724. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA (2004). "American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension". Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 (3): 533–53. PMID 15076798. [e]
- ↑ Bloem CJ, Chang AM (2007). "Short-term Exercise Improves {beta}-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Older People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance". DOI:10.1210/jc.2007-1734. PMID 18000089. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Carro E, Nuñez A, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I (2000). "Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain". J. Neurosci. 20 (8): 2926–33. PMID 10751445. [e]
- ↑ Trejo JL, Llorens-Martín MV, Torres-Alemán I (2007). "The effects of exercise on spatial learning and anxiety-like behavior are mediated by an IGF-I-dependent mechanism related to hippocampal neurogenesis". Mol Cell Neurosci. DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.016. PMID 18086533. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Mark Hamer, Emmanual Stamatakis, and Andrew Steptoe, “Dose response relationship between physical activity and mental health: The Scottish Health Survey,” Br J Sports Med (April 10, 2008): DOI:bjsm.2008.046243.
- ↑ Herring MP, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK (2010). "The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review.". Arch Intern Med 170 (4): 321-31. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.530. PMID 20177034. Research Blogging.
- ↑ deRuiter W, Faulkner G (2006). "Tobacco harm reduction strategies: the case for physical activity". Nicotine Tob. Res. 8 (2): 157–68. DOI:10.1080/14622200500494823. PMID 16766410. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Xuemei Sui et al., “Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Mortality Predictors in Older Adults,” JAMA 298, no. 21 (December 5, 2007), http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/21/2507 (accessed December 5, 2007).
- ↑ Laurel B. Yates et al., “Exceptional Longevity in Men: Modifiable Factors Associated With Survival and Function to Age 90 Years,” Arch Intern Med 168, no. 3 (February 11, 2008): 284-290. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/168/3/284
- ↑ Yang L, Sahlqvist S, McMinn A, Griffin SJ, Ogilvie D (2010). "Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review.". BMJ 341: c5293. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c5293. PMID 20959282. PMC PMC2957539. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Andersen RE, Franckowiak SC, Snyder J, Bartlett SJ, Fontaine KR (1998). "Can inexpensive signs encourage the use of stairs? Results from a community intervention". Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (5): 363–9. PMID 9735063. [e]
- ↑ Webb OJ, Eves FF (2007). "Promoting stair climbing: intervention effects generalize to a subsequent stair ascent". Am J Health Promot 22 (2): 114–9. PMID 18019888. [e]
- ↑ Webb OJ, Eves FF (2007). "Promoting stair climbing: effects of message specificity and validation". Health Educ Res 22 (1): 49–57. DOI:10.1093/her/cyl045. PMID 16763074. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, et al (2007). "Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review". JAMA 298 (19): 2296–304. DOI:10.1001/jama.298.19.2296. PMID 18029834. Research Blogging.