Hawaiian alphabet: Difference between revisions

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|fam7        = [[Roman alphabet]]
|fam7        = [[Roman alphabet]]
|creator    = American Protestant missionaries
|creator    = American Protestant missionaries
|sample      = Hawaiian Alphabet.jpg
|imagesize  = 300x500px
}}
}}
As an oral tradition, handed down generation after generation, the true origins of the [[Hawaiian language]] are relatively unknown. The '''[[Hawaiian alphabet]]''', ''ka pī'''‘'''āpā Hawai'''‘''' i'', however, does not have such an obscure past. It was originally designed in the early 1800s by American [[missionaries]] who wanted to print a [[Hawaiian bible]]. Due to the language being passed down as an oral tradition, the missionaries had to adapt the [[Roman alphabet]] to fit their needs.


<onlyinclude>
==Origins==
As an oral tradition, handed down generation after generation, the true origins of the [[Hawaiian]] [[Hawaiian language|language]] are relatively unknown. The '''[[Hawaiian alphabet]]''', ''ka pī'''‘'''āpā Hawai'''‘''' i'', however, does not have such an obscure past. It was originally designed in the early 1800s by American [[missionaries]] who wanted to print a [[Hawaiian bible]]. Due to the language being passed down as an oral tradition, the missionaries had to adapt the [[Roman alphabet]] to fit their needs.
In [[1778]], British explorer [[James Cook]] made the first reported [[European]] discovery of [[Hawaii (U.S. state)|Hawai{{Okina}}i]]. In his report, he wrote the name of the islands as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". By July 1823, they had begun using the phrase "Hawaiian Language." The actual writing system was developed by American [[Protestant]] missionaries on January 7, 1822. The original alphabet included <br />
 
<includeonly>==</includeonly>==Origins==<includeonly>==</includeonly>
In [[1778]], British explorer [[James Cook]] made the first reported [[European]] discovery of [[Hawaii|Hawai`i]]. In his report, he wrote the name of the islands as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". By July 1823, they had begun using the phrase "Hawaiian Language." The actual writing system was developed by American [[Protestant]] missionaries on January 7, 1822. The original alphabet included <br />
<code>A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z</code><br />
<code>A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z</code><br />
and seven [[diphthongs]]<br />
and seven [[diphthongs]]<br />
<code>AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU</code>.<br />
<code>AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU</code>.<br />
In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant interchangeable letters, enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-sound, and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian.
In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant interchangeable letters, enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-sound, and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian.
*Interchangeable B/P. B was dropped, P was kept.
*Interchangeable B/P. B was dropped, P was kept.
*Interchangeable L/R. L was kept, R was dropped.
*Interchangeable L/R. L was kept, R was dropped.
Line 31: Line 28:
*Interchangeable V/W. V was dropped, W was kept.
*Interchangeable V/W. V was dropped, W was kept.


<includeonly>==</includeonly>===[[ʻOkina|`Okina]]===<includeonly>==</includeonly>
===[[ʻOkina|{{Okina}}Okina]]===
Due to words with different meanings being spelled alike, use of the [[glottal stop]] became necessary. As early as 1823, the missionaries made limited use of the [[apostrophe]] to represent the glottal stop, but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian bible, they used the `okina to distinguish ko`u ('my') from kou ('your'). It wasn’t until 1864 that the `okina became a recognized letter of the Hawaiian alphabet. </onlyinclude>
Due to words with different meanings being spelled alike, use of the [[glottal stop]] became necessary. As early as 1823, the missionaries made limited use of the [[apostrophe]] to represent the glottal stop, but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian bible, they used the {{Okina}}okina to distinguish ko{{Okina}}u ('my') from kou ('your'). It wasn’t until 1864 that the {{Okina}}okina became a recognized letter of the Hawaiian alphabet.


===Kahakō===
===Kahakō===
Line 38: Line 35:


==Modern Alphabet==
==Modern Alphabet==
[[Image:Hawaiian Alphabet Childrens Book.jpg|thumb|250px|A children's alphabet book in Hawaiian]]The current official Hawaiian Alphabet consists of 18 letters: 5 normal vowels; Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu: 5 Vowels with Macrons; Āā, Ēē, Īī, Ōō, Ūū: and 8 consonants; Hh, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Ww, `okina.
{{Image|Hawaiian Alphabet Childrens Book.jpg|right|250px|A children's alphabet book in Hawaiian}}The current official Hawaiian Alphabet consists of 18 letters: 5 normal vowels; Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu: 5 Vowels with Macrons; Āā, Ēē, Īī, Ōō, Ūū: and 8 consonants; Hh, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Ww, {{Okina}}okina.
==Pronunciations==
*'''"W"''' sounds like '''"V"''' or '''"W"''' when it starts a word or follows '''"a"'''. 
Examples: Welina! [weh lee' nah] or [veh lee' nah] = Greeting; 
Hawai`i  [hah wai' ee] or [hah vai' ee]


*'''"W"''' sounds like '''"V"''' when it follows '''"e"''' or '''"i"'''.  Mnemonic:'''"Vei"'''
==Pronunciation==
Examples: iwi [ee' vee] = bone; `Ewa [eh' vah]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
*'''"W"''' sounds like '''"W"''' when it follows '''"o"''' or '''"u"'''.  Mnemonic: '''"Wou"'''
! Character !! Character Name !! IPA
Examples:  wōwō [WOH WOH] = roar; kūwili [KOO wee' lee] = spin
|-
<br />
|Aa || 'ā || /a/
<br />
|-
<br />
|Ee || 'ē || /e/
 
|-
{| {| border="3" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="left"
|Ii || 'ī || /i/
! colspan="11" style="background:#White;" | 10 Vowels
|-
|Oo || 'ō || /o/
|-
|Uu || 'ū || /u/
|-
|Āā || 'ākō || /aː/
|-
|Ēē || 'ēkō || /eː/
|-
|Īī || 'īkō || /iː/
|-
|Ōō || 'ōkō || /oː/
|-
|-
! Letters !! '''Aa''' !! '''Ee''' !! '''Ii''' !! '''Oo''' !! '''Uu''' !! '''Āā''' !! '''Ēē''' !! '''Īī''' !! '''Ōō''' !! '''Ūū'''
|Ūū || 'ūkō || /uː/
|-
|-
! Pronunciations
| Hh || hē || /h/
| ah
| eh
| ee
| oh
| oo
| AH
| Eh
| EE
| OH
| OO
|}
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
 
{| {| border="3" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="left"
! colspan="9" style="background:#White;" | 8 Consonants
|-
|-
! Letters !! Hh !! Kk !! Ll !! Mm !! Nn !! Pp !! Ww !! `okina
| Kk || kē || /k/
|-
|-
! Pronunciations
| Ll || lā || /l/
| heh
| keh
| lah
| moo
| noo
| peh
| veh
| `oh kee nah
|}
<br>
===Glides===
These glide sounds are automatically produced with certain vowel combinations. Hawaiian is not spoken in staccato fashion. When two vowels are next to each other (in the same word and with adjacent words), smooth out the sounds with these glides. 
 
 
 
{| {| border="3" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="left"
! colspan="9" style="background:#White;" | Glides
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | W-Glides
| Mm || mō || /m/
! colspan="2" | Y-Glides
|-
|-
! [[Maui]]
| Nn || nō || /n/
| Mau'-(w)ee
! `O ia
| oi'-(y)ah
|-
|-
! `oe
| Pp || pē || /p/
| oh-(w)eh'
! `iāia
| ee-(Y)AH'-(y)ah
|-
|-
! Auē
| Ww || wē || /ʋ/
| au-(W)EH'!
! heiau
| hei'-(y)au'
|-
|-
! lauoho
|{{Okina}} || {{Okina}}okina || /ʔ/
| lau-(w)oh'hoh
! E Hawai`i Aloha ē
| eh hah vai' ee-(y)ah loh' hah-(y)eh
|}
|}


 
===Diphthongs===
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! colspan="3" | Diphthongs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Dipthongs===
<br />
 
{| {| border="3" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="left"
! colspan="9" style="background:#White;" | Dipthongs
|-
|-
! Dipthongs !! Pronunciation !! Examples  
! Diphthongs !! Pronunciation !! Examples  
|-
|-
! ai
! ai
Line 161: Line 91:
! ae
! ae
| '''I''' or '''eye'''
| '''I''' or '''eye'''
| '''Mae`ola''' = Never-fading
| '''Mae{{Okina}}ola''' = Never-fading
|-
|-
! ao
! ao
Line 181: Line 111:
! eu
! eu
| eh-(y)oo
| eh-(y)oo
| '''`Eleu''' = Lively
| '''{{Okina}}Eleu''' = Lively
|-
|-
! iu
! iu
Line 190: Line 120:
! oe
! oe
| oh-(w)eh
| oh-(w)eh
| '''`Oe''' = You
| '''{{Okina}}Oe''' = You
|-
|-
! oi
! oi
Line 202: Line 132:
! ui
! ui
| '''oo-(w)ee''' in g'''ooey'''  
| '''oo-(w)ee''' in g'''ooey'''  
| '''Hui''' = Together, team,
| '''Hui''' = Together, team, Chorus
Chorus
|}
|}
==References==
[http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/alpha.htm Alternative Hawaii]
[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm Omniglot][[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Latest revision as of 06:01, 26 August 2024

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Hawaiian alphabet
Type Alphabet
Spoken languages Hawaiian language
Created by American Protestant missionaries
Time period 1822-Present
Parent systems

As an oral tradition, handed down generation after generation, the true origins of the Hawaiian language are relatively unknown. The Hawaiian alphabet, ka pī‘āpā Hawai‘ i, however, does not have such an obscure past. It was originally designed in the early 1800s by American missionaries who wanted to print a Hawaiian bible. Due to the language being passed down as an oral tradition, the missionaries had to adapt the Roman alphabet to fit their needs.

Origins

In 1778, British explorer James Cook made the first reported European discovery of Hawaiʻi. In his report, he wrote the name of the islands as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". By July 1823, they had begun using the phrase "Hawaiian Language." The actual writing system was developed by American Protestant missionaries on January 7, 1822. The original alphabet included
A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
and seven diphthongs
AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU.
In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant interchangeable letters, enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-sound, and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian.

  • Interchangeable B/P. B was dropped, P was kept.
  • Interchangeable L/R. L was kept, R was dropped.
  • Interchangeable K/T. K was kept, T was dropped.
  • Interchangeable V/W. V was dropped, W was kept.

ʻOkina

Due to words with different meanings being spelled alike, use of the glottal stop became necessary. As early as 1823, the missionaries made limited use of the apostrophe to represent the glottal stop, but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian bible, they used the ʻokina to distinguish koʻu ('my') from kou ('your'). It wasn’t until 1864 that the ʻokina became a recognized letter of the Hawaiian alphabet.

Kahakō

As early as 1821, one of the missionaries, Hiram Bingham, was using macrons in making handwritten transcriptions of Hawaiian vowels. The macron, or kahakō, was used to differentiate between short and long vowels. The macron itself never became an official letter. Instead, a second set of vowels with macrons were added to the language as separate letters.

Modern Alphabet

A children's alphabet book in Hawaiian

The current official Hawaiian Alphabet consists of 18 letters: 5 normal vowels; Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu: 5 Vowels with Macrons; Āā, Ēē, Īī, Ōō, Ūū: and 8 consonants; Hh, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Ww, ʻokina.

Pronunciation

Character Character Name IPA
Aa 'ā /a/
Ee 'ē /e/
Ii 'ī /i/
Oo 'ō /o/
Uu 'ū /u/
Āā 'ākō /aː/
Ēē 'ēkō /eː/
Īī 'īkō /iː/
Ōō 'ōkō /oː/
Ūū 'ūkō /uː/
Hh hē /h/
Kk kē /k/
Ll lā /l/
Mm mō /m/
Nn nō /n/
Pp pē /p/
Ww wē /ʋ/
ʻ ʻokina /ʔ/

Diphthongs

Diphthongs
Diphthongs Pronunciation Examples
ai i in ice kai = sea water
ae I or eye Maeʻola = Never-fading
ao ow in how

without nasal twang

Maoli = True

Kaona = Hidden Meaning

au ou in house or out

without nasal twang

Au = I, I am
ei ei in chow mein

or in eight

Lei = Garland
eu eh-(y)oo ʻEleu = Lively
iu ee-(y)oo

similar to ew in few

Wēkiu = Topmost
oe oh-(w)eh ʻOe = You
oi oi in voice Poi = Hawaiian Staple
ou ow in bowl Kou = your
ui oo-(w)ee in gooey Hui = Together, team, Chorus

References

Alternative Hawaii

Omniglot

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