Integrated circuit

An Intel 486 processor and a Motorola 68030 processor.

An integrated circuit, or IC, is a semiconductor-based electronic device, sometimes as small as a human fingernail, that contains many switching elements, or transistors. Integrated circuits are often referred to simply as chips.

The first integrated circuits were invented separately around 1958 by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments, and by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. The invention of the IC paved the way for the seminal introduction, in the early 1970's, of the first "single-chip" microprocessors such as the Intel 8080 processor first sold in 1974. These integrated circuits consisted of a silicon chip with transistors formed on the upper surface and covered by an insulating layer, then by metal tracks, which link power supplies and transistors to form the required circuit.These transistors, interconnected into macroscopic circuits in the same block, could be used to create memory elements, as well as arithmetic and logic units. This revolutionary concept concentrated on a maximum number of logic functions in an unbelievably reduced space. These functions reached the exterior of the unit through connections which were spread out over the periphery of the circuit.