Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom and the Empress of India from 20 June 1837 until her death. Her reign of 63.5 years was the longest in British history until overtaken by Elizabeth II in 2015. As a constitutional monarch, Victoria had limited power but she was an iconic figure, during and since her lifetime, to the extent that the period of her reign is called the Victorian Age and her British contemporaries are commonly labelled Victorians.

Born Princess Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace in London, she was the daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Kent, although doubts have been expressed about her parentage. She was then fifth in line to the British throne, held by George III, behind three uncles – the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, the Duke of Clarence, and her father. She was relegated to seventh after Clarence's daughters were born in 1819 and 1820 but they both died in infancy and she became the first in line when Clarence succeeded as King William IV in 1830. Her father had died in 1820, followed by the Duke of York (childless) in 1827 and George IV (no surviving children) in 1830. She was ahead of her father's three younger brothers (the Dukes of Cumberland, Sussex and Cambridge) and his four surviving sisters.

Victoria married Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children of whom the two eldest were the most notable. Princess Victoria (1840–1901; widely known as Princess Vicky) went on to marry Kaiser Wilhelm I of Prussia and their son was the infamous Wilhelm II. Victoria's second child was Edward VII, her eventual successor. When Albert died in 1860, Victoria mourned him thereafter and was unable to perform her royal duties for many years. She recovered as she reached old age and celebrated her Diamond Jubilee (60 years on the throne) in 1897. She died at Osborne House, her residence on the Isle of Wight, aged 81.

Birth

When Victoria was born on Monday, 24 May 1819, George III was still the monarch although his illness had completely incapacitated him. The acting monarch was his son, the Prince Regent who would succeed his father as George IV the following year. Victoria at this time was fifth in the line of succession behind her three uncles – the Regent, the Duke of York, the Duke of Clarence – and her own father the Duke of Kent.

In 1795, the Regent (then the Prince of Wales) had married Princess Caroline of Brunswick (1768–1821). This was possibly the most disastrous marriage in British regal history but it produced one daughter, Princess Charlotte (1796–1817) who was regarded as a future Queen.

Life

She was born Princess Alexandrina Victoria, at Kensington Palace, London, United Kingdom, on May 24, 1819, the only child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George III, and Princess Victoria, widow of the prince of Leiningen and daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg in Germany. When she was nine months old her father died, and the princess thereafter led a lonely and secluded childhood at Kensington Palace. Kept away from the court because of a feud between her father and his elder brothers, Victoria became greatly attached to her mother's brother (afterwards King Leopold of the Belgians), who was then living in England, as well as to his secretary Baron Stockmar, and to her Hanoverian governess, Baroness Lehzen. Educated by the latter and by visiting tutors, she always felt that her education had been imperfect.

Early years of her reign

Victoria succeeded to the throne after her two uncles, King George IV and King William IV, died without legitimate issue. She became Queen on June 20, 1837, a month after she had reached her 18th birthday, and thus her majority. Her poise, modesty, and good sense made an immediately favourable impression on the nation. Her coronation was held in Westminster Abbey on June 28, 1838. The Queen increased her popularity by promptly paying her father's considerable private debts. Though affectionate to her mother, she was critical of her. She relied entirely on Baroness Lehzen for the management of her household and the arrangement of her Court. In larger matters Victoria was guided by Baron Stockmar, the confidant of the whole Saxe-Coburg family. In domestic affairs and politics she relied on the shrewd advice and worldly wisdom of her Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (see also Melbourne, Second Viscount). Even in these early days she showed independence and spirit, notably in the Bedchamber Crisis, when she refused to allow Melbourne's successor, the Tory Sir Robert Peel, to change the members of her Court, particularly the ladies of the bedchamber, all of whom were Whig sympathizers.

Marriage to Albert

Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, aged 20, in 1840. A match which had been cherished and planned by King Leopold, it turned out to be a very felicitous one, with a profound love developing on both sides. Albert managed of all of Victoria's affairs, both public and private. The Queen's surrender to his strong, highly intelligent, and matter-of-fact personality was complete. Cynics referred to her scornfully as "Queen Albertine," but she put the matter correctly when she wrote a friend, "My nature is too passionate, my emotions are too fervent, he guided and protected me, he comforted and encouraged me." Albert swung the Queen's political orientation in a more conservative direction, and was largely responsible for setting the tone of moral earnestness and strait-laced propriety which was the superficial characteristic of the Victorian Age.

During the next twenty years the Queen had nine children. Though her family responsibilities left her little time for public appearances, the Great Exhibition of 1851--planned and organized by Prince Albert--was an occasion for pageantry. She worked hard, under the influence of the prince, to make her views on public questions felt by the cabinet and in this she had her successes. She was related to royalty across Europe, and she followed the international news.

Widow

The greatest test of the Queen's life came in 1861 when, after a short illness, the prince died on December 14 from typhoid fever. She was bowed with grief and went into the deepest mourning for the remainder of her life. She lived in seclusion, struggling with the many problems of her large family, and with the problem of continuing the political influence which she had exerted under the guidance of the prince. For ten years Victoria found it impossible to make any ceremonial appearances in public. When she was urged in 1866 to open Parliament in state, she wrote that she could not understand how people could want to see "a poor, broken-hearted widow, dragged in deep mourning, alone in State as a show." Sensitive people sympathized with these feelings, but the majority did not and there were some republican mutterings. But with the 1870s her popularity revived.

The Queen always regarded herself as a Liberal in politics--a tribute to the influence of Melbourne--but from the 1870s she found herself more in sympathy with the expansionist and imperialist views of the Conservatives. She strongly supported Benjamin Disraeli's Conservative Ministry from 1874 to 1880, and in 1876 when he made her Empress of India she showed her gratitude to him by opening Parliament in person and by bestowing a peerage upon him. When Disraeli's government lost the 1880 election, the Queen was openly reluctant to send for the Leader of the Opposition, William Gladstone; she thought he was "that dreadful old man". She is supposed to have said of Gladstone that "he speaks to me as if I were a public meeting". Yet Gladstone always treated her with a courteous respect amounting to reverence, while Disraeli treated her with a mixture of banter and chivalry which seemed unbecoming.

Empire

Victoria was always interested in the progress of the British Empire. In 1876 the Royal Titles Bill made her Empress of India, a controversial decision engineered by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. Already in the 1840s she intervened in the acrimonious debates over the military administration of India; in 1858 she and Prince Albert helped to bolster the position of the Indian princes as the authority of the British East India Company was ended. By the late 1860s she thought and spoke of herself as empress of India. India offered her and Albert opportunities to try to protect and perhaps even extend royal prerogative during a period in which royal authority was becoming more circumscribed.

Victoria warmly approved of Disraeli's positive action in purchasing shares in the Suez Canal, but she was from the first critical of the failure of Gladstone's government--when the United Kingdom was the power behind the Khedive (ruler of Egypt)--to take action to relieve Gen. Charles Gordon at Khartoum, in the Sudan, south of Egypt. Gordon had gone there to evacuate Egyptian garrisons in the face of an effective revolt against Egyptian suzerainty. When Khartoum finally fell and Gordon was killed (1885), the Queen sent an open, uncoded telegram of rebuke to Gladstone.

She strongly supported Disraeli's successor Lord Salisbury in foreign and empire matters, and was undaunted by the Boer War which began in 1899, though the anxieties of the struggle undermined her remarkably robust constitution. In domestic politics--even as she grew older--the Queen remained to a considerable extent in step with liberal opinion, but she was a strong opponent of anything savouring of revolutionary change, such as women's emancipation. She maintained to the last a very comprehensive and active surveillance over all aspects of official life.

Jubilees

Toward the end of her reign, the Queen's popularity was revealed by the Golden and the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1887 and 1897; her capacity for symbolizing in herself the feelings of the nation was also demonstrated by the popular acclamation she received when she drove to the inner City of London, United Kingdom at the time of the relief of the besieged town of Mafeking during the Boer War.

Character

The Queen was short, but she had great dignity and grace of movement. She was fair-skinned, with the striking blue eyes of the English royal family; her beautiful speaking voice was remarkable. Contrary to general belief, she appreciated wit, and her laughter--which was unrestrained and prolonged--was familiar to her private circle. The remark "We are not amused," although attributed to her, has never been authenticated.

In religious matters, Victoria, having been brought up in rather narrowly Lutheran doctrines, had little sympathy with the High Church movement within the Church of England, which gathered momentum during her reign. In fact she caused some offence to strict Churchmen by worshipping at the Presbyterian Church when she stayed in Scotland; nowadays it is customary for English royalty to attend Presbyterian services when in Scotland.

After widowhood she came seldom to London. She divided her time between Windsor Castle and Osborne House, the seaside home on the Isle of Wight which she and the prince had built; this was apart from the period which she regularly spent each year at Balmoral in the east Highlands of Scotland. She died at Osborne on Jan. 22, 1901. Her body rests with the Prince Consort in the mausoleum at Frogmore close to Windsor.

Evaluation

The strength of Queen Victoria lay in her good common sense and directness of character; she expressed the qualities of the British nation which at that time made it pre-eminent in the world.

Politically she was jealous of her limited rights, notably the right to be informed of significant government decisions, the right to refuse a dissolution of parliament, the right to decide whom she would choose as prime minister from the party that held a majority in Commons, and the right to encourage and warn ministers of their actions. Victoria used her powers well and secured for the monarchy a respect from both politicians and the public.

As a symbol of domesticity, endurance and Empire, and as a woman holding the highest public office during an age when middle- and upper-class women were expected to beautify the home while men dominated the public sphere, Queen Victoria's influence has been enduring. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow, and grandmotherly matriarch.

Her surviving letters have been published; however her crucial correspondence with her son the Prince of Wales (Edward VII) was destroyed; Princess Beatrice, her youngest daughter, rewrote and censored her mother's diaries as queen and burned the originals.

Bibliography

• Arnstein, Walter L. Queen Victoria (2003), 254pp; compact biography by leading scholar excerpt and text search
• Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria: A Personal History (2001). online edition
• Longford, Elizabeth. Queen Victoria (2005) excerpt and text search
• Matthew, H. C. G., and K. D. Reynolds. "Victoria (1819–1901)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (2004); online edn, Jan 2008; the best starting point
• Rappaport, Helen. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. (2003). 465 pp. online at some libraries
• Thompson, Dorothy. Queen Victoria: The Woman, The Monarchy, and the People (1990) (Published in Britain as Queen Victoria: Gender and Power)
• Vallone, Lynne. Becoming Victoria: A Royal Girlhood. (2001). 245 pp. excerpt and text search
• Weintraub, Stanley. Victoria: biography of a queen (1987)
• Woodham-Smith, C. Queen Victoria: her life and times, 1: 1819–1861 (1972)

Studies

• Homans, Margaret. Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837-1876 (1998)
• Homans, Margaret, and Munich, Adrienne, eds. Remaking Queen Victoria. (1997). 279 pp. excerpt and text search
• Hoppen, K. Theodore. The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846-1886 (New Oxford History of England) (2000) 824pp excerpt and text search
• King, Greg. Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee Year. (2007). 352 pp.
• Kiste, John Van der. Queen Victoria's Children (2003)
• Kuhn, William. Democratic Royalism: The Transformation of the British Monarchy, 1861-1914 (1996);
• Plunkett, John. "Of Hype and Type: The Media Making of Queen Victoria 1837-1845," Critical Survey, Vol. 13, 2001 online edition
• Plunkett, John. Queen Victoria: First Media Monarch. (2003). 256 pp.
• Smith, Victoria Ruth. "Constructing Victoria: The Representation of Queen Victoria in England, India, and Canada, 1897-1914." PhD dissertation Rutgers U., 1998. 432 pp. DAI 1998 59(1): 286-A. DA9823210 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
• Ulrich, Melanie Renee. "Victoria's Feminist Legacy: How Nineteenth-Century Women Imagined the Queen." PhD dissertation U. of Texas, Austin 2005. 223 pp. DAI 2006 66(8): 2942-A. DA3184538 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
• Weintraub, Stanley. Uncrowned King: The Life of Prince Albert. (1997). 464 pp.

Primary sources

• Buckle, G. E., ed. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence and Journal between the Years 1862 and 1878. (3 vols. 1926-28).
• Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals: A Selection (1986)