World Anti-Doping Agency

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), founded in 1999, exists, according to its official web site, in order to "promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against doping in sport". An international, independent organization, WADA is funded in equal measure by sports bodies and governments. WADA's 2007 operating budget was approximately $23 million (U.S. dollars). Since its founding, WADA has developed and implemented the World Anti-Doping Code designed to harmonise anti-doping policies in all sports world-wide.

A list of banned drugs is determined by the WADA. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: androgenic agents, blood doping, peptide hormones, stimulants, diuretics, narcotics and cannabinoids. The use of alcohol (ethanol) is banned in selected sports only during actual competition.

Blood Doping

Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxygen containers. This is done by extracting and storing one's own blood prior to an athletic competition, well in advance of the competition so that the body can replenish its natural levels of red blood cells, and subsequently injecting the stored blood immediately before competition. The resulting unnatural level of red blood cells improves oxygen transport and athletic endurance.

Banned androgenic agents

Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroids, which increase testosterone and epitestosterone, thereby improving muscle strength and endurance, or beta-2 agonists (see adrenergic beta-agonist). Andro, DHEA, stanozolol, testosterone and nandrolone, or derivates (see below) are banned anabolic steroids. Beta-2 agonists can act as bronchodilators and increase heart rates, in addition to their mild androgenic effects. Other banned androgenic agents include bambuterol, clenbuterol, salbutamol, tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol and selective androgen receptor modulators. While a few of the banned drugs are endogenous, that is they are normally produced in the human body, most of the banned drug are exogenous drugs chemically produced.

Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2008:

1-androstendiol 1-androstendione bolandiol bolasterone boldenone boldione calusterone clostebol danazol dehydrochlormethyltestosterone dexosymethytestosterone drostanolone ethylestrenol fluoxymesterone formebolone furazabol gestrinone 4-hydroxytestosterone mestanolone mesterolone mestenolone methandienone methandriol

methasterone methyldienolone) methyl-1-testosterone methylnortestosterone methyltrienolone methyltestosterone mibolerone nandrolone 19-norandrostenedione norboletone norclostebol norethandrolone oxabolone oxandrolone oxymesterone oxymetholone prostanozol quinbolone stanozolol stenbolone 1-testosterone tetrahydrogestrinone trenbolone

Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drugs of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug tests.

Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

• androstenediol
• androstenedione
• dihydrotestosterone
• prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
• testosterone

Metabolites and isomers

5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\beta$,17$\beta$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-5-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol

androst-5-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol androst-5-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol 4-androstenediol 5-androstenedione epi-dihydrotestosterone 3$\alpha$-hydroxy-5$\alpha$-androstan-17-one 3$\beta$-hydroxy-5$\alpha$-androstan-17-one 19-norandrosterone 19-noretiocholanolone

Hormones and related substances

Certain peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (hGH), Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, etc.), Mechano growth factors (MGFs), chorionic gonadatrophin (banned in men only), somatotrophin (growth hormone), insulins and corticotrophins, corticosteroid mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned.

Beta-2 agonists

All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, formoterol, salbutamol, slmeterol and terbualine may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.

Hormone antagonists and modulators

Hormone levels of a particular hormone, like testosterone, can be changed not only by administering it, but also by alterating related hormones. For example, the estrogens estrone and estradiol are biosynthetically produced by the enzyme aromatase, respectively, from androstenedione and testosterone, which are both produced from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Thus, when the body senses low levels of estrogen, the precursor compounds 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone are up-regulated. Likewise, interferring with a hormone's receptor leads to similar effects. Because of these natural hormone-hormone interdependent biosynthetic pathways and hormone-receptor interactions, all aromatase inhibitors, including but not limited to, anastrozole, letrozole, aminoglutethimide, exemestane, formestane and testolactone are banned. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, including but not limited to raloxifene, tamoxifen and toremifene are banned. Clomiphene, cyclofenil, fulvestrant and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. Myostatin inhibitors are banned.

Stimulants

Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, methamphetamines, mesocarb and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects, including, but not limited to, the following.

Adrafinil Adrenaline (local use allowed) amfepramone amiphenazole amphetamine amphetaminil benphetamine benzylepiperazine bromantan cathine (5 ug/ml urine limit) clobenzorex cocaine cropropamide crotetamide cyclazodone dimethylamphetamine ephedrine etamivan etilamphetamine

etilefrine famprofazone fenbutrazate fencamfamin fencamine fenetylline fenfluramine fenproporex furfenorex heptaminol isometheptene levmethamfetamine meclofenoxate mefenorex mephentermine mesocarb methamphetamine (D-) methylenedioxyamphetamine methylephedrine

methylphenidate modafinil nikethamide norfenefrine norfenfluramine octopamine ortetamine oxilofrine parahydroxyamphetamine pemoline pentetrazol phendimetrazine (carphedon) prolintane propylhexedrine selegiline sibutramine strychnine tuaminoheptane

Diuretics and masking agents

Diuretics, which increase the production of urine, and masking agents, chemical compounds which interefere with drug tests, are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus decreasing an athlete's weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of an athlete. Secondly, increased urine production depletes the concentration of both the banned drugs and their metabolites, making their detection more difficult. Masking agents, on the other hand, work by making drug tests ineffective, leading to false-negative results.

Diuretics

The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned.

acetazolamide amiloride bendroflumethiazide chlothiazide furosemide

hydrochlorothiazide indapamide metolazone spironolactone triamterene

Narcotics and cannabinoids

Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competition after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including codeine, the following are banned:

buprenorphine dextromoramide diamorphine (heroin) fentanyl and derivatives methadone

morphine oxycodone oxymorphone pentazocine pethidine (meperidine}

The cannabinoids marijuana and hashish are also banned.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins, and regulate glycogen and blood pressure levels. They possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity and cause alteration of connective tissue in response to injuries. The anti-inflammatory and connective tissue effects of glucocorticoids might mask injuries, leading to more serious injuries to athletes. Because of this and metabolic regulation effects, the administration of any glucorticoid orally, rectally, intraveniously or intramuscularly is prohibited and requires a therapeutic use exemption. Topical uses of glucocorticoids does not require an exemption.

Beta blockers

Beta blockers are prohibited only during competition (with a few exceptions), in selected sports. The prohibited beta blockers include, but are not limited to:

acebutolol alprenolol atenolol betaxolol bisoprolol bunolol carteolol

carvedilol celiprolol esmolol labetalol levobunolol metpranolol metoprolol

nadolol oxprenolol pindolol propranolol sotalol timolol