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| == '''[[Kilt]]''' ==
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| ''by [[User:James F. Perry|James F. Perry]] <small>(and [[User:Charles Sandberg|Charles Sandberg]], [[User:Chris Day|Chris Day]] and [[User:David Boven|David Boven]])</small>''
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| | ==Footnotes== |
| {{Image|Highland_Dance_001.jpg|right|150px|Highland dancer wearing a kilt}} | |
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| A '''[[kilt]]''', as the term is used in this article, is a skirtlike traditional Scottish garment in its modern form as illustrated in the photo at right. In this form, the kilt can be seen at modern-day Highland games gatherings in Scotland and elsewhere throughout the world. Historical forms of the Scottish kilt have differed in several particulars (some quite substantial) from the modern-day version.
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| The modern Scottish kilt is worn by both male and female Highland dancers, bagpipers, Highland athletes, and other performers and entertainers. Apart from these activities, it is worn almost exclusively by men at Highland Games and elsewhere. Women other than dancers and performers sometimes wear a kiltlike garment called a kilt-skirt which differs in several particulars from the kilt.
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| The organizations which sanction and grade the competitions in Scottish highland dancing and bagpiping all have rules governing acceptable attire for the competitors. These rules specify that kilts are to be worn (except that in the national dances, the female competitors will be wearing the Aboyne dress). The word ''kilt'' as used in this article refers to those garments as typically seen in such competitions.<ref>[http://www.bcpipers.org/rules.html Rules of the British Columbia Pipers Association] - in which "acceptable highland dress" for solo pipers and pipe bands is specified</ref> <ref>[http://www.margshighlanddancewear.com/sobhd.htm Costuming regulations of the Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing]</ref>
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| ===General description of a kilt=== | |
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| The kilt, as referenced above, is a tailored garment which is wrapped around the wearer's body at the waist, hanging down encircling and covering the upper part of the legs above the knees. The fabric is cut so that it is open along a line from the waist to the lower edge (the ''selvedge'' on a kilt) with the opening being secured by means of straps and buckles.
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| The two ends of the kilt fabric overlap considerably to form what are called aprons. These aprons are positioned in the front while the remaining length of the fabric is pleated.
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| In addition, the kilt exhibits certain peculiarites of design, construction, and convention which differentiate it from other garments fitting the above description.
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| ''[[Kilt|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Global warming#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020
The Mathare Valley slum near Nairobi, Kenya, in 2009.
Poverty is deprivation based on lack of material resources. The concept is value-based and political. Hence its definition, causes and remedies (and the possibility of remedies) are highly contentious.[1] The word poverty may also be used figuratively to indicate a lack, instead of material goods or money, of any kind of quality, as in a poverty of imagination.
Definitions
Primary and secondary poverty
The use of the terms primary and secondary poverty dates back to Seebohm Rowntree, who conducted the second British survey to calculate the extent of poverty. This was carried out in York and was published in 1899. He defined primary poverty as having insufficient income to “obtain the minimum necessaries for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency”. In secondary poverty, the income “would be sufficient for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency were it not that some portion of it is absorbed by some other expenditure.” Even with these rigorous criteria he found that 9.9% of the population was in primary poverty and a further 17.9% in secondary.[2]
Absolute and comparative poverty
More recent definitions tend to use the terms absolute and comparative poverty. Absolute is in line with Rowntree's primary poverty, but comparative poverty is usually expressed in terms of ability to play a part in the society in which a person lives. Comparative poverty will thus vary from one country to another.[3] The difficulty of definition is illustrated by the fact that a recession can actually reduce "poverty".
Causes of poverty
The causes of poverty most often considered are:
- Character defects
- An established “culture of poverty”, with low expectations handed down from one generation to another
- Unemployment
- Irregular employment, and/or low pay
- Position in the life cycle (see below) and household size
- Disability
- Structural inequality, both within countries and between countries. (R H Tawney: “What thoughtful rich people call the problem of poverty, thoughtful poor people call with equal justice a problem of riches”)[4]
As noted above, most of these, or the extent to which they can be, or should be changed, are matters of heated controversy.
- ↑ Alcock, P. Understanding poverty. Macmillan. 1997. ch 1.
- ↑ Harris, B. The origins of the British welfare state. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Also, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ Alcock, Pt II
- ↑ Alcock, Preface to 1st edition and pt III.
