Chemical elements

"….the elements are the primary constituents of bodies.... An element, we take it, is a body into which other bodies may be analysed, present in them potentially or in actuality (which of these, is still disputable), and not itself divisible into bodies different in form. That, or something like it, is what all men in every case mean by element….every body is either an element or composed of elements…."     —Aristotle. On the Heavens Book III. Translated by J.L. Stocks.

In chemistry, an element is a relatively simple manifestation of matter characterized both by exhibiting unique physical and chemical properties and by having an underlying structure consisting entirely of a single species, or type, of atom, of which, naturally occuring on Earth, 94 different species exist, comprising 94 different elements (e.g., hydrogen, helium, copper, uranium). All matter around us (solids, liquids, and gases) are made up of atoms, either of one species of atom (e.g., a nugget of pure gold; molecules of oxygen gas, or dioxygen) or a combination of atoms of different species (e.g., an alloy of copper and tin; sucrose [table sugar) molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). Water is a compound of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, and for water the compound is a molecule in which the two constituent atoms form covalent bonds of two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom arranged so that each molecule binds with each other weakly through hydrogen bonding. The element carbon is an important part of most living creatures as well as of fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum, coal, natural gas), the remains of plant material that once lived. The atoms comprising other elements are rare on earth, such as the noble gas neon. Some elements consist of stable atoms in that they maintain their uniqueness for lifetimes longer than we can measure, while some elements have finite life times and decay to other elements, while sending out radiation — the so-called radioactive elements. A well-known radioactive element is plutonium. Chemists have created about 20 non-naturally-occuring elements, characterized by having very short life times and being radioactive. Whereas each element comprises a single species of atom, many species come in varieties, called isotpes, differing among themselves for a given species by the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atoms.

We recall that an atom consists of a positive nucleus of charge eZ, where e is the elementary charge, and the integral number Z is the atomic number, or number of protons. Remember that Z electrons (of charge −e) "orbit" the nucleus, so that an atom is neutral. The elements are distinguished by their value of Z. For instance, the elements mentioned have the Z-value in brackets: hydrogen(1), oxygen(8), carbon(6), neon(10), plutonium(94). The naturally occurring elements have Z-values from 1 to 94 (with plutonium being extremely rare in nature and mainly man-made). The man-made elements run from Z = 95 to 118. The names of the elements are of historical origin and may vary between languages. The atomic number Z is a unique and universal label of an element, as is its international chemical symbol consisting of one or two letters.

There is a maximum to the number of elements due to the fact that a nucleus contains Z positively charged particles (protons). These repel each other by Coulomb forces and are bound together by strong nuclear forces. At a certain number of protons the strong nuclear forces will lose from the Coulomb forces—which add up with increasing number of protons — and the nucleus will no longer be stable. This is likely to happen between Z = 120 and Z = 130.

See Atomic electron configuration for the orbital occupancies of atoms in their so-called ground state.

Chemical elements sorted on chemical symbol (CS)

CS	Name	Z		CS	Name	Z		CS	Name	Z
Ac	Actinium	89		Gd	Gadolinium	64		Po	Polonium	84
Ag	Silver	47		Ge	Germanium	32		Pr	Praseodymium	59
Al	Aluminum	13		H	Hydrogen	1		Pt	Platinum	78
Am	Americium	95		He	Helium	2		Pu	Plutonium	94
Ar	Argon	18		Hf	Hafnium	72		Ra	Radium	88
As	Arsenic	33		Hg	Mercury	80		Rb	Rubidium	37
At	Astatine	85		Ho	Holmium	67		Re	Rhenium	75
Au	Gold	79		Hs	Hassium	108		Rf	Rutherfordium	104
B	Boron	5		I	Iodine	53		Rg	Roentgenium	111
Ba	Barium	56		In	Indium	49		Rh	Rhodium	45
Be	Beryllium	4		Ir	Iridium	77		Rn	Radon	86
Bh	Bohrium	107		K	Potassium	19		Ru	Ruthenium	44
Bi	Bismuth	83		Kr	Krypton	36		S	Sulfur	16
Bk	Berkelium	97		La	Lanthanum	57		Sb	Antimony	51
Br	Bromine	35		Li	Lithium	3		Sc	Scandium	21
C	Carbon	6		Lr	Lawrencium	103		Se	Selenium	34
Ca	Calcium	20		Lu	Lutetium	71		Sg	Seaborgium	106
Cd	Cadmium	48		Md	Mendelevium	101		Si	Silicon	14
Ce	Cerium	58		Mg	Magnesium	12		Sm	Samarium	62
Cf	Californium	98		Mn	Manganese	25		Sn	Tin	50
Cl	Chlorine	17		Mo	Molybdenum	42		Sr	Strontium	38
Cm	Curium	96		Mt	Meitnerium	109		Ta	Tantalum	73
Co	Cobalt	27		N	Nitrogen	7		Tb	Terbium	65
Cr	Chromium	24		Na	Sodium	11		Tc	Technetium	43
Cs	Cesium	55		Nb	Niobium	41		Te	Tellurium	52
Cu	Copper	29		Nd	Neodymium	60		Th	Thorium	90
Db	Dubnium	105		Ne	Neon	10		Ti	Titanium	22
Ds	Darmstadtium	110		Ni	Nickel	28		Tl	Thallium	81
Dy	Dysprosium	66		No	Nobelium	102		Tm	Thulium	69
Er	Erbium	68		Np	Neptunium	93		U	Uranium	92
Es	Einsteinium	99		O	Oxygen	8		V	Vanadium	23
Eu	Europium	63		Os	Osmium	76		W	Tungsten	74
F	Fluorine	9		P	Phosphorus	15		Xe	Xenon	54
Fe	Iron	26		Pa	Protactinium	91		Y	Yttrium	39
Fm	Fermium	100		Pb	Lead	82		Yb	Ytterbium	70
Fr	Francium	87		Pd	Palladium	46		Zn	Zinc	30
Ga	Gallium	31		Pm	Promethium	61		Zr	Zirconium	40

Chemical elements sorted on atomic number (Z)

Z	Name	CS		Z	Name	CS		Z	Name	CS
1	Hydrogen	H		38	Strontium	Sr		75	Rhenium	Re
2	Helium	He		39	Yttrium	Y		76	Osmium	Os
3	Lithium	Li		40	Zirconium	Zr		77	Iridium	Ir
4	Beryllium	Be		41	Niobium	Nb		78	Platinum	Pt
5	Boron	B		42	Molybdenum	Mo		79	Gold	Au
6	Carbon	C		43	Technetium	Tc		80	Mercury	Hg
7	Nitrogen	N		44	Ruthenium	Ru		81	Thallium	Tl
8	Oxygen	O		45	Rhodium	Rh		82	Lead	Pb
9	Fluorine	F		46	Palladium	Pd		83	Bismuth	Bi
10	Neon	Ne		47	Silver	Ag		84	Polonium	Po
11	Sodium	Na		48	Cadmium	Cd		85	Astatine	At
12	Magnesium	Mg		49	Indium	In		86	Radon	Rn
13	Aluminum	Al		50	Tin	Sn		87	Francium	Fr
14	Silicon	Si		51	Antimony	Sb		88	Radium	Ra
15	Phosphorus	P		52	Tellurium	Te		89	Actinium	Ac
16	Sulfur	S		53	Iodine	I		90	Thorium	Th
17	Chlorine	Cl		54	Xenon	Xe		91	Protactinium	Pa
18	Argon	Ar		55	Cesium	Cs		92	Uranium	U
19	Potassium	K		56	Barium	Ba		93	Neptunium	Np
20	Calcium	Ca		57	Lanthanum	La		94	Plutonium	Pu
21	Scandium	Sc		58	Cerium	Ce		95	Americium	Am
22	Titanium	Ti		59	Praseodymium	Pr		96	Curium	Cm
23	Vanadium	V		60	Neodymium	Nd		97	Berkelium	Bk
24	Chromium	Cr		61	Promethium	Pm		98	Californium	Cf
25	Manganese	Mn		62	Samarium	Sm		99	Einsteinium	Es
26	Iron	Fe		63	Europium	Eu		100	Fermium	Fm
27	Cobalt	Co		64	Gadolinium	Gd		101	Mendelevium	Md
28	Nickel	Ni		65	Terbium	Tb		102	Nobelium	No
29	Copper	Cu		66	Dysprosium	Dy		103	Lawrencium	Lr
30	Zinc	Zn		67	Holmium	Ho		104	Rutherfordium	Rf
31	Gallium	Ga		68	Erbium	Er		105	Dubnium	Db
32	Germanium	Ge		69	Thulium	Tm		106	Seaborgium	Sg
33	Arsenic	As		70	Ytterbium	Yb		107	Bohrium	Bh
34	Selenium	Se		71	Lutetium	Lu		108	Hassium	Hs
35	Bromine	Br		72	Hafnium	Hf		109	Meitnerium	Mt
36	Krypton	Kr		73	Tantalum	Ta		110	Darmstadtium	Ds
37	Rubidium	Rb		74	Tungsten	W		111	Roentgenium	Rg

Notes

1. Ag (silver) is from Argentum
2. Au (gold) is from Aurum
3. Cu (copper) is from Cuprum
4. Fe (iron) is from Ferrum
5. Hg (mercury) is from Hydrargyrum
6. K (potassium) is from Kalium
7. Na (sodium) is from Natrium
8. Pb (lead) is from Plumbum
9. Sb (antimony) is from Stibium
10. Si (silicon) is from Silicium
11. Sn (tin) is from Stannum
12. W (tungsten) is from Wolfram
13. Man-made elements Z = 112, ..., 118 are not listed

See also

• Periodic Table