Great Britain: Difference between revisions

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===Britain in the Classical period===
===Britain in the Classical period===
Britain was known in the early [[Classics|Classical]] period as a source of [[tin]]. It is likely that the name ''Cassiterides'' or "tin islands", mentioned in the 5th century BC by [[Herodotus]],<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+3.115.1 3.115]</ref> refs to the British Isles. The Greek explorer [[Pytheas]] of [[Marseille|Massalia]] claimed to have visited the island  in the 4th century, and although his own writings are lost, and later classical writers are sceptical, it seems likely that he did so.<ref>Barry Cunliffe, ''The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek'', Penguin, 2002</ref>
Britain was known in the early [[Classics|Classical]] period as a source of [[tin]]. It is likely that the name ''Cassiterides'' or "tin islands", mentioned in the 5th century BC by [[Herodotus]],<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+3.115.1 3.115]</ref> refers to the British Isles. The Greek explorer [[Pytheas]] of [[Marseille|Massalia]] claimed to have visited the island  in the 4th century, and although his own writings are lost, and later classical writers are sceptical, it seems likely that he did so.<ref>Barry Cunliffe, ''The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek'', Penguin, 2002</ref>


Britain became part of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]'s sphere of political influence in the 1st century BC. [[Julius Caesar]], in the course of his conquest of [[Gaul]], made two armed expeditions there in 55 and 54 BC. The first barely gained a foothold on the south-east coast before being forced to return to the continent for winter. The second was more successful, installing a friendly king, [[Mandubracius]] of the [[Trinovantes]], and forcing the submission of his rival [[Cassivellaunus]], but conquered no territory and did not extend beyond the [[Thames Valley]].<ref>[[Julius Caesar]], ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' [http://www.wikisource.org/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_4#20 4.20-36], [http://www.wikisource.org/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#8 5.8-23]</ref> [[Augustus]] planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable,<ref>[[Dio Cassius]], ''Roman History'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49*.html#38 49.38], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#22 53.22], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#25 53.25]</ref> and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. [[Strabo]], writing late in Augustus's reign, claims that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could, and mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4E*.html 4.5]</ref> Augustus' own ''Res Gestae'' refers to two British kings whom he received as refugees.<ref>[[Augustus]], ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/6*.html#32 32]</ref> Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the [[Catuvellauni]], ruled by the descendants of [[Tasciovanus]], and the [[Atrebates]], ruled by the descendants of [[Commius]].<ref>John Creighton, ''Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain'', Cambridge University Press, 2000</ref> Archaeology shows an increase in imported luxury goods in south-eastern Britain.<ref>Keith Branigan (1987), ''The Catuvellauni''</ref> These peaceful relations broke down in AD AD 39 or 40, when [[Caligula]] received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and staged an invasion that collapsed in farcical circumstances.<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Caligula'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#44 44-46]; Dio Cassius, ''Roman History'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#25 59.25]</ref>
Britain became part of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]'s sphere of political influence in the 1st century BC. [[Julius Caesar]], in the course of his conquest of [[Gaul]], made two armed expeditions there in 55 and 54 BC. The first barely gained a foothold on the south-east coast before being forced to return to the continent for winter. The second was more successful, installing a friendly king, [[Mandubracius]] of the [[Trinovantes]], and forcing the submission of his rival [[Cassivellaunus]], but conquered no territory and did not extend beyond the [[Thames Valley]].<ref>[[Julius Caesar]], ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' [http://www.wikisource.org/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_4#20 4.20-36], [http://www.wikisource.org/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#8 5.8-23]</ref> [[Augustus]] planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable,<ref>[[Dio Cassius]], ''Roman History'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49*.html#38 49.38], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#22 53.22], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#25 53.25]</ref> and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. [[Strabo]], writing late in Augustus's reign, claims that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could, and mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4E*.html 4.5]</ref> Augustus' own ''Res Gestae'' refers to two British kings whom he received as refugees.<ref>[[Augustus]], ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/6*.html#32 32]</ref> Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the [[Catuvellauni]], ruled by the descendants of [[Tasciovanus]], and the [[Atrebates]], ruled by the descendants of [[Commius]].<ref>John Creighton, ''Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain'', Cambridge University Press, 2000</ref> Archaeology shows an increase in imported luxury goods in south-eastern Britain.<ref>Keith Branigan (1987), ''The Catuvellauni''</ref> These peaceful relations broke down in AD AD 39 or 40, when [[Caligula]] received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and staged an invasion that collapsed in farcical circumstances.<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Caligula'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#44 44-46]; Dio Cassius, ''Roman History'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#25 59.25]</ref>

Revision as of 00:29, 8 May 2007

Great Britain (or simply Britain)[1] is a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, separated from continental Europe to the south by the English Channel and from Ireland to the west by the Irish Sea. It is the largest island in the archipelago known as the British Isles, with an area of 218,595 km² (93,282 square miles).[2] Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom (for which "Britain" and "Great Britain" are often used as synonyms), and contains the nations of England, Wales and the majority of Scotland.

Geography and natural history

To come

History and politics

Prehistory

To come

  • Ice ages
  • Paleolithic
  • Mesolithic
  • Neolithic
  • Bronze Age
  • Iron Age
  • Religion

Britain in the Classical period

Britain was known in the early Classical period as a source of tin. It is likely that the name Cassiterides or "tin islands", mentioned in the 5th century BC by Herodotus,[3] refers to the British Isles. The Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia claimed to have visited the island in the 4th century, and although his own writings are lost, and later classical writers are sceptical, it seems likely that he did so.[4]

Britain became part of Rome's sphere of political influence in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar, in the course of his conquest of Gaul, made two armed expeditions there in 55 and 54 BC. The first barely gained a foothold on the south-east coast before being forced to return to the continent for winter. The second was more successful, installing a friendly king, Mandubracius of the Trinovantes, and forcing the submission of his rival Cassivellaunus, but conquered no territory and did not extend beyond the Thames Valley.[5] Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable,[6] and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claims that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could, and mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus.[7] Augustus' own Res Gestae refers to two British kings whom he received as refugees.[8] Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius.[9] Archaeology shows an increase in imported luxury goods in south-eastern Britain.[10] These peaceful relations broke down in AD AD 39 or 40, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and staged an invasion that collapsed in farcical circumstances.[11]

When Claudius successfully invaded in 43, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, this time Verica of the Atrebates. The Catuvellaunian territory became the nucleus of a new Roman province, while Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus was sent up as the client ruler of Atrebatian and other lands.[12] Over the course of the 1st century Roman control expended west into Wales, then north into Scotland. However, the Roman presence in the north proved untenable, and was withdrawn to the line of Hadrian's Wall in the 2nd century.

More to come

  • Names
  • Language
  • Urbanisation & road-building
  • Arrival of Christianity
  • Roman civil wars

Sub-Roman Britain

To come

  • Roman withdrawal
  • Migration period
  • Anglo-Saxons, Picts, Scots
  • Arthur legend
  • Emergence of England, Scotland and Wales

Medieval Britain

To come

  • Early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England, Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland, Welsh kingdoms
  • Norman conquests of England and Wales
  • Wars of Scottish independence
  • Owain Glyndwr's rebellion in Wales
  • Wars of the Roses
  • Stuart Scotland

Early modern Britain

To come

  • Henry VIII founds Church of England
  • Union of crowns of England and Scotland
  • English Civil War
  • Commonwealth
  • Restoration
  • Act of Union 1707

Modern Britain

To come

References

  1. ↑ The use of the adjective "Great" derives from the French Grande Bretagne, as distinct from Petite Bretagne (Brittany).
  2. ↑ Islands of the United Kingdom (UN System-Wide Earthwatch Web Site)
  3. ↑ Herodotus, Histories 3.115
  4. ↑ Barry Cunliffe, The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek, Penguin, 2002
  5. ↑ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.20-36, 5.8-23
  6. ↑ Dio Cassius, Roman History 49.38, 53.22, 53.25
  7. ↑ Strabo, Geography 4.5
  8. ↑ Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti 32
  9. ↑ John Creighton, Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2000
  10. ↑ Keith Branigan (1987), The Catuvellauni
  11. ↑ Suetonius, Caligula 44-46; Dio Cassius, Roman History 59.25
  12. ↑ Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.19-22; Tacitus, Agricola 14
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