Hong Kong: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:HongKong CIA.gif|right|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:HongKong CIA.gif/credit|{{HongKong CIA.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Hong Kong.]] | [[Image:HongKong CIA.gif|right|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:HongKong CIA.gif/credit|{{HongKong CIA.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Hong Kong.]] | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The island of Hong Kong was taken from the Chinese, initially by the Dutch, and then by the British, during the 18th century. The opium wars between Britain and China resulted in Britain obtaining a lease to expand Hong Kong, deeper into the [[New Territories]] of the Kowloon Peninsula. | The island of Hong Kong was taken from the Chinese, initially by the Dutch, and then by the British, during the 18th century. The opium wars between Britain and China resulted in Britain obtaining a lease to expand Hong Kong, deeper into the [[New Territories]] of the Kowloon Peninsula. | ||
===Business=== | |||
Hong Kong businessmen had by the 1880s created a distinct cultural-historical place for the colony. They contributed to China's nation-building effort by providing financing and imports China could not secure on its own. Their success made Hong Kong a valued member of the British Empire. And by helping to write the official colonial history of Hong Kong, they were able to present themselves as an essential part of that history. Hong Kong's contributions to China's nationbuilding, including local graduates' important role in service to the Qing dynasty and the succeeding Republican governments, Hong Kong's part in the 1911 revolution and strategic position as a haven for Chinese refugees, its philanthropic and relief works, and the commercial and industrial activities of Hong Kong entrepreneurs in South China. The Chinese business community in Hong Kong, resembled the British business communities in colonial Hong Kong and semicolonial Shanghai. Both British and Chinese businessmen were dedicated to opening markets in China, to the point at which Hong Kong Chinese were in a sense both colonized and colonizers. Both groups benefited from their connections in the British Empire, and both were dependent on its power. Members of both societies saw themselves as either long-term or permanent residents rather than as expatriates or sojourners, but they also continued to send money home to support philanthropic causes and, when necessary, to assist national war efforts. Both British and Chinese could have a number of identities: British or Chinese, imperial, national, and local. Both communities based their local identities on self-images of industriousness, entrepreneurship, and public spirit.<ref>John Carroll, "Colonialism, Nationalism, and Difference: Reassessing the Role of Hong Kong in Modern Chinese History." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 2006 13(1): 92-104. Issn: 1547-402x </ref> | |||
In the 1950s, Hong Kong viewed Guangdong as its economic past: an underdeveloped hinterland of cottage industries and agriculture. Guangdong, meanwhile, looked on Hong Kong as its political past: a territory oppressed by colonialism. That is, Hong Kong leaders saw Guangdong as socialist=planned=unfree=poor. Meanwhile the Commuist leaders in Guangdong saw Hong Kong as colonial=exploitative=class stratified=dehumanizing.<ref> Seth Harter, "'Time Is Moving Forward, but We Are Moving Faster': Racing towards Modernity in Hong Kong and Guangdong, 1945-1962." (2006). </ref> | |||
===1997=== | ===1997=== | ||
In 1997 Britain turned Hong Kong over to China | In 1997, at the end of the 99 year lease, the whole of the Hong Kong territory was returned to China. A "one country, two systems" model was adopted by China's leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] to unite Hong Kong with mainland China in 1997. This created China's first Special Administration Region, and as a result, Hong Kong is partially autonomous with its own government and laws, distinct from that of the rest of the People's Republic. All final decisions, however, are made by the government of China.<ref>Willy Lam, "Beijing's hand in Hong Kong politics," ''Association for Asian Research'' [http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2153.html June 14, 2004, online]</ref> | ||
When Britain turned Hong Kong over to China in 1997 it was the most modern colonial metropolis in the world, where robust entrepreneurship flourished under a British legal system providing a high degree of civil liberties for its citizens, but which had never jheld a democratic election. Between 1960 and 1982, Hong Kong showed the staggering average growth rate of 7.0% per year, then held at 6.7% annually to 1992. In 1995, Hong Kong's GDP per person (in parity purchasing power) was the third highest in the world. | |||
===Democratic issues=== | ===Democratic issues=== | ||
On 1 July 2003, over half a million Hong Kong citizens staged a mass protest against the poor governance of the post-handover SAR government. The grievances of the marchers quickly snowballed into a widely backed movement for democracy, and another large rally was held on 1 July 2004. The landslide support for pro-democratic candidates during the local elections held on 23 November 2003 unnerved Beijing over its possible loss of control over Hong Kong. The government of China quickly shifted from a soft-line approach that talked about virtual autonomy to a hard-line approach, attempting to dampen the local democracy movement. Beijing banned universal suffrage for the elections of a Chief Executive in 2007 and a legislature in 2008. There were five fundamental causes of Hong Kong's broad-based demand for full democracy. First economic uncertainly rose sharply after 1999, as the competitiveness of the Hong Kong economy slipped and the transition to a knowledge economy was hindered by stagnant rates of university attendance. Secondly, the level of economic inequality increased, along with a sense that cronyism was rampant and getting worse. Thirdly the government deficit has soared, leading to cutbacks in government services; by 2003 the government had spent half the financial reserves left by the British, and sold land assets to cover the deficit. At a deper level citizens are anxious about their lack of voice in an authoritarian polity. The The fifth fundamental problem was the failure of the new "Principal Officials Accountability System" and the growth of popular distrust towards the non-democratic system. <ref> Ming Sing, "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' 2006 15(48): 517-532. Issn: 1067-0564 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] | On 1 July 2003, over half a million Hong Kong citizens staged a mass protest against the poor governance of the post-handover SAR government. The grievances of the marchers quickly snowballed into a widely backed movement for democracy, and another large rally was held on 1 July 2004. The landslide support for pro-democratic candidates during the local elections held on 23 November 2003 unnerved Beijing over its possible loss of control over Hong Kong. The government of China quickly shifted from a soft-line approach that talked about virtual autonomy to a hard-line approach, attempting to dampen the local democracy movement. Beijing banned universal suffrage for the elections of a Chief Executive in 2007 and a legislature in 2008. There were five fundamental causes of Hong Kong's broad-based demand for full democracy. First economic uncertainly rose sharply after 1999, as the competitiveness of the Hong Kong economy slipped and the transition to a knowledge economy was hindered by stagnant rates of university attendance. Secondly, the level of economic inequality increased, along with a sense that cronyism was rampant and getting worse. Thirdly the government deficit has soared, leading to cutbacks in government services; by 2003 the government had spent half the financial reserves left by the British, and sold land assets to cover the deficit. At a deper level citizens are anxious about their lack of voice in an authoritarian polity. The The fifth fundamental problem was the failure of the new "Principal Officials Accountability System" and the growth of popular distrust towards the non-democratic system. <ref> Ming Sing, "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' 2006 15(48): 517-532. Issn: 1067-0564 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]; Christine Loh, and Richard Cullen, "Political Reform in Hong Kong: the Principal Officials Accountability System. The First Year (2002-2003)." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' 2005 14(42): 153-176. Issn: 1067-0564 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref> | ||
</ref> | |||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
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* Carroll, John M. ''Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong.'' (2005). 260 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Edge-Empires-Chinese-British-Colonials/dp/0674017013/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208919325&sr=8-1excerpt and text search] | |||
* Chu, Yingchi. ''Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self.'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/109225171?title=Hong%20Kong%20Cinema%3a%20%20Coloniser%2c%20Motherland%20and%20Self online edition] | |||
* Fung, Chi Ming. ''Reluctant Heroes: Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874-1954.'' Hong Kong U. Press, 2005. 216 pp. | |||
* Harter, Seth M. "'Time Is Moving Forward, but We Are Moving Faster': Racing towards Modernity in Hong Kong and Guangdong, 1945-1962." PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 2006. 441 pp. DAI 2006 67(2): 680-A. DA3208298 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]] | |||
* Hsiang-Lin, Lo. ''Hong Kong and Western Cultures'' (1964) 346pp [http://www.questia.com/read/7693727?title=Hong%20Kong%20and%20Western%20Cultures online edition] | |||
* Kar, Law, and Frank Bren, ''Hong Kong Cinema: A Cross-Cultural View.'' (2004). 377 pp. | |||
* Lo, Kwai-Cheung. ''Chinese Face/Off: The Transnational Popular Culture of Hong Kong.'' (2005) 282 pp. | |||
* Meyer, David R. ''Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/105496491?title=Hong%20Kong%20as%20a%20Global%20Metropolis online edition] | |||
* Ngo, Tak-Wing. ''Hong Kong's History: State and Society under Colonial Rule'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/108192060?title=Hong%20Kong's%20History%3a%20%20State%20and%20Society%20under%20Colonial%20Rule online edition] | |||
* Sweeting, Anthony. "Education in Hong Kong: Histories, Mysteries and Myths." ''History of Education'' 2007 36(1): 89-108. Issn: 0046-760x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] | * Sweeting, Anthony. "Education in Hong Kong: Histories, Mysteries and Myths." ''History of Education'' 2007 36(1): 89-108. Issn: 0046-760x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] | ||
* Tsang, Steve. ''A Modern History of Hong Kong'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Modern-History-Hong-Kong/dp/1845114191/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208912427&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search] | * Sing, Ming. ''Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis,'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/104554325?title=Hong%20Kong's%20Tortuous%20Democratization%3a%20%20A%20Comparative%20Analysis online edition] | ||
* Tsang, Steve. ''A Modern History of Hong Kong'' (2nd ed 2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Modern-History-Hong-Kong/dp/1845114191/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208912427&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search] | |||
* Welsh, Frank. ''A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong'' (1993) | * Welsh, Frank. ''A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong'' (1993) | ||
* Wilson, Lord. "Hong Kong: Ten Years On." ''Asian Affairs'' 2007 38(3): 297-304. Issn: 0306-8374 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] | * Wilson, Lord. "Hong Kong: Ten Years On." ''Asian Affairs'' 2007 38(3): 297-304. Issn: 0306-8374 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] | ||
===Primary sources==== | |||
* Tsang, Steve. ''Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong.'' (1995), 312pp [http://www.questia.com/read/14561367?title=Government%20and%20Politics%3a%20A%20Documentary%20History%20of%20Hong%20Kong online edition] | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 21:00, 22 April 2008
.JPG)
Hong Kong (香港 in Chinese; literally "fragrant harbor") is the world-famous urban center metropolitan part of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region (HKSAR), with 6.9 million people. The HKSAR is located in the south of the People's Republic of China in the Pearl River delta area of the South China Sea. The SAR consists of a number of islands and of the mainlanmajd Kowloon peninsula. Hong Kong has a single land border on its north with Guandong Province. It is only a short distance by sea to Macau, China's only other Special Administration Region.
Hong Kong maintains its own Immigration and Custom controls and travel between the SAR and the mainland requires similar documentation, checks and procedures as travelling to a foreign country.
Language
The main language for 95% of the population is Cantonese, one of the many varieties of Chinese. It is related to but not mutually intelligible with Mandarin. Although a dialect of Mandarin forms 'standard Chinese', Cantonese has its own standard dialect, with a written form using Chinese characters. This is quite different from written Mandarin. English is also widely spoken, due to the region's prior status as a British colony. Signs in Chinese and English are commonplace. Cantonese includes vocabulary derived from English, due to extensive contact between the two languages.
Geography
History
The island of Hong Kong was taken from the Chinese, initially by the Dutch, and then by the British, during the 18th century. The opium wars between Britain and China resulted in Britain obtaining a lease to expand Hong Kong, deeper into the New Territories of the Kowloon Peninsula.
Business
Hong Kong businessmen had by the 1880s created a distinct cultural-historical place for the colony. They contributed to China's nation-building effort by providing financing and imports China could not secure on its own. Their success made Hong Kong a valued member of the British Empire. And by helping to write the official colonial history of Hong Kong, they were able to present themselves as an essential part of that history. Hong Kong's contributions to China's nationbuilding, including local graduates' important role in service to the Qing dynasty and the succeeding Republican governments, Hong Kong's part in the 1911 revolution and strategic position as a haven for Chinese refugees, its philanthropic and relief works, and the commercial and industrial activities of Hong Kong entrepreneurs in South China. The Chinese business community in Hong Kong, resembled the British business communities in colonial Hong Kong and semicolonial Shanghai. Both British and Chinese businessmen were dedicated to opening markets in China, to the point at which Hong Kong Chinese were in a sense both colonized and colonizers. Both groups benefited from their connections in the British Empire, and both were dependent on its power. Members of both societies saw themselves as either long-term or permanent residents rather than as expatriates or sojourners, but they also continued to send money home to support philanthropic causes and, when necessary, to assist national war efforts. Both British and Chinese could have a number of identities: British or Chinese, imperial, national, and local. Both communities based their local identities on self-images of industriousness, entrepreneurship, and public spirit.[1]
In the 1950s, Hong Kong viewed Guangdong as its economic past: an underdeveloped hinterland of cottage industries and agriculture. Guangdong, meanwhile, looked on Hong Kong as its political past: a territory oppressed by colonialism. That is, Hong Kong leaders saw Guangdong as socialist=planned=unfree=poor. Meanwhile the Commuist leaders in Guangdong saw Hong Kong as colonial=exploitative=class stratified=dehumanizing.[2]
1997
In 1997, at the end of the 99 year lease, the whole of the Hong Kong territory was returned to China. A "one country, two systems" model was adopted by China's leader Deng Xiaoping to unite Hong Kong with mainland China in 1997. This created China's first Special Administration Region, and as a result, Hong Kong is partially autonomous with its own government and laws, distinct from that of the rest of the People's Republic. All final decisions, however, are made by the government of China.[3]
When Britain turned Hong Kong over to China in 1997 it was the most modern colonial metropolis in the world, where robust entrepreneurship flourished under a British legal system providing a high degree of civil liberties for its citizens, but which had never jheld a democratic election. Between 1960 and 1982, Hong Kong showed the staggering average growth rate of 7.0% per year, then held at 6.7% annually to 1992. In 1995, Hong Kong's GDP per person (in parity purchasing power) was the third highest in the world.
Democratic issues
On 1 July 2003, over half a million Hong Kong citizens staged a mass protest against the poor governance of the post-handover SAR government. The grievances of the marchers quickly snowballed into a widely backed movement for democracy, and another large rally was held on 1 July 2004. The landslide support for pro-democratic candidates during the local elections held on 23 November 2003 unnerved Beijing over its possible loss of control over Hong Kong. The government of China quickly shifted from a soft-line approach that talked about virtual autonomy to a hard-line approach, attempting to dampen the local democracy movement. Beijing banned universal suffrage for the elections of a Chief Executive in 2007 and a legislature in 2008. There were five fundamental causes of Hong Kong's broad-based demand for full democracy. First economic uncertainly rose sharply after 1999, as the competitiveness of the Hong Kong economy slipped and the transition to a knowledge economy was hindered by stagnant rates of university attendance. Secondly, the level of economic inequality increased, along with a sense that cronyism was rampant and getting worse. Thirdly the government deficit has soared, leading to cutbacks in government services; by 2003 the government had spent half the financial reserves left by the British, and sold land assets to cover the deficit. At a deper level citizens are anxious about their lack of voice in an authoritarian polity. The The fifth fundamental problem was the failure of the new "Principal Officials Accountability System" and the growth of popular distrust towards the non-democratic system. [4]
Further reading
- DK. Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guides: Hong Kong (2002) excerpt and text search
- Reiber, Beth. Frommer's Hong Kong (2007) excerpt and text search
- Stone, Andrew. Lonely Planet Hong Kong & Macau City Guide (2008) excerpt and text search
- Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong (2007) excerpt and text search
- Vickers, Claire. Hong Kong - Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette (2006) excerpt and text search
- Welsh, Frank. A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong (1993) - A very readable but extensive and well-researched history
- Wright, Rachel. Living and Working in Hong Kong: The Complete Practical Guide to Expatriate Life in China's Gateway (2008) excerpt and text search
Bibliography
- Carroll, John M. Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong. (2005). 260 pp. and text search
- Chu, Yingchi. Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self. (2003) online edition
- Fung, Chi Ming. Reluctant Heroes: Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874-1954. Hong Kong U. Press, 2005. 216 pp.
- Harter, Seth M. "'Time Is Moving Forward, but We Are Moving Faster': Racing towards Modernity in Hong Kong and Guangdong, 1945-1962." PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 2006. 441 pp. DAI 2006 67(2): 680-A. DA3208298 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Hsiang-Lin, Lo. Hong Kong and Western Cultures (1964) 346pp online edition
- Kar, Law, and Frank Bren, Hong Kong Cinema: A Cross-Cultural View. (2004). 377 pp.
- Lo, Kwai-Cheung. Chinese Face/Off: The Transnational Popular Culture of Hong Kong. (2005) 282 pp.
- Meyer, David R. Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis (2000) online edition
- Ngo, Tak-Wing. Hong Kong's History: State and Society under Colonial Rule (1999) online edition
- Sweeting, Anthony. "Education in Hong Kong: Histories, Mysteries and Myths." History of Education 2007 36(1): 89-108. Issn: 0046-760x Fulltext: Ebsco
- Sing, Ming. Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis, (2004) online edition
- Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong (2nd ed 2007) excerpt and text search
- Welsh, Frank. A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong (1993)
- Wilson, Lord. "Hong Kong: Ten Years On." Asian Affairs 2007 38(3): 297-304. Issn: 0306-8374 Fulltext: Ebsco
Primary sources=
- Tsang, Steve. Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. (1995), 312pp online edition
External links
- Hong Kong Yearbook 2006 official publication with back issues 1997-2005
- Association for Asian Research, news reports and analysis
Notes
- ↑ John Carroll, "Colonialism, Nationalism, and Difference: Reassessing the Role of Hong Kong in Modern Chinese History." Chinese Historical Review 2006 13(1): 92-104. Issn: 1547-402x
- ↑ Seth Harter, "'Time Is Moving Forward, but We Are Moving Faster': Racing towards Modernity in Hong Kong and Guangdong, 1945-1962." (2006).
- ↑ Willy Lam, "Beijing's hand in Hong Kong politics," Association for Asian Research June 14, 2004, online
- ↑ Ming Sing, "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong." Journal of Contemporary China 2006 15(48): 517-532. Issn: 1067-0564 Fulltext: Ebsco; Christine Loh, and Richard Cullen, "Political Reform in Hong Kong: the Principal Officials Accountability System. The First Year (2002-2003)." Journal of Contemporary China 2005 14(42): 153-176. Issn: 1067-0564 Fulltext: Ebsco