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The '''Enlightenment''' was an 18th-century movement in Western [[philosophy]] and intellectual life generally, especially in the sciences. Some classifications also include 17th-century philosophy, usually called the [[Age of Reason]].  
The '''Enlightenment''' was an 18th-century movement in Western [[philosophy]] and intellectual life generally, that emphasized the power or reason and science to understand and reform the world. Some classifications also include 17th-century philosophy, usually called the [[Age of Reason]]. The style it favored is called "classical" (as opposed to the earlier Baroque and the later Romantic styles.)  The Enlightenment saw major advances in philosophy, the sciences (especially physics, chemistry and mathematics), economics, political theory, geography (especially exploration), technology (especially the origins of the [[Industrial Revolution]].


The term can more narrowly refer to the intellectual movement of ''The Enlightenment'', which advocated [[rationalism|reason]] as the primary basis of authority. Developed in [[France]], [[Britain]] and [[Germany]], it influenced the whole of [[Europe]] including [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]].  
The Enlightenment advocated reason as the primary basis of authority, downplaying emotion and ecclesiastical authority. Developed in [[France]], [[England]], [[Scotland]],  and Germany states, it influenced the whole of Europe including [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]], as well as the American colonies.


Politically the Enlightenment was marked by governmental consolidation, nation creation, greater rights for the common people, and a diminution of the influence of authoritarian institutions such as the nobility and the Church. The ideology of [[Republicanism]] led to the [[American revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]].  By 1800 or so the Enlightenment was replaced by the [[Romantic Era]], with special impact on the arts.
Politically the Enlightenment was marked by governmental consolidation, nation creation, greater rights for the common people, and a diminution of the influence of authoritarian institutions such as the nobility and the Church. The ideology of [[Republicanism]] led to the [[American Revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]].  By 1800 or so the Enlightenment was replaced by the [[Romantic Era]], with special impact on the arts.




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The Enlightenment was an 18th-century movement in Western philosophy and intellectual life generally, that emphasized the power or reason and science to understand and reform the world. Some classifications also include 17th-century philosophy, usually called the Age of Reason. The style it favored is called "classical" (as opposed to the earlier Baroque and the later Romantic styles.) The Enlightenment saw major advances in philosophy, the sciences (especially physics, chemistry and mathematics), economics, political theory, geography (especially exploration), technology (especially the origins of the Industrial Revolution.

The Enlightenment advocated reason as the primary basis of authority, downplaying emotion and ecclesiastical authority. Developed in France, England, Scotland, and Germany states, it influenced the whole of Europe including Russia and Scandinavia, as well as the American colonies.

Politically the Enlightenment was marked by governmental consolidation, nation creation, greater rights for the common people, and a diminution of the influence of authoritarian institutions such as the nobility and the Church. The ideology of Republicanism led to the American Revolution and the French Revolution. By 1800 or so the Enlightenment was replaced by the Romantic Era, with special impact on the arts.


Bibliography

  • Baker, Keith Michael and Reill, Peter Hanns, eds. What's Left of Enlightenment? A Postmodern Question. 2001. 203 pp.
  • Blom, Philipp. Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book That Changed the Course of History. 2005. 416 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Bradley, James E. and VanKley, Dale, eds. Religion and Politics in Enlightenment Europe. 2001. 424 pp.
  • Buchan, James. Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind. 2003. 436 pp.
  • Burns, William. Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopedia (2003) 353pp
  • Chisick, Harvey. Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. 2005. 512 pp
  • Commager, Henry Steele. The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment. 1977. 360 pp.
  • Delon, Michel. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (2001) 1480pp
  • Dupré, Louis. The Enlightenment and the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture. 2004. 384 pp.
  • Gordon, Daniel. Postmodernism and the Enlightenment: New Perspectives in Eighteenth-Century French Intellectual History (2000) excerpt and text search
  • Hankins, Thomas L. Science and the Enlightenment. 1985. 216 pp.
  • Himmelfarb, Gertrude. The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments. 2004. 272 pp.
  • Imhof, Ulrich. The Enlightenment. 1994. 310 pp.
  • Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750. 2001. 810 pp.
  • Knott, Sarah and Taylor, Barbara, eds. Women, Gender, and Enlightenment. 2005. 769 pp.
  • Kors, Alan Charles. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (4 vol. 1990; 2nd ed. 2003), 1984pp excerpt and tyext search
  • Livingstone, David N. and Withers, Charles W. J., eds. Geography and Enlightenment. 1999. 455 pp.
  • Mason, Haydn Trevor. Voltaire: A Biography. 1981. 194 pp.
  • May, Henry F. The Enlightenment in America. 1976. 419 pp.
  • Munck, Thomas. The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, 1721-1794. 2000. 249 pp.
  • Pearson, Roger. Voltaire Almighty: A Life in Pursuit of Freedom. 2005. 447 pp.
  • Porter, Roy. The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment. 2000. 608 pp.
  • Reid-Maroney, Nina. Philadelphia's Enlightenment, 1740-1800: Kingdom of Christ, Empire of Reason. 2001. 199 pp.
  • Reill, Peter Hanns, and Wilson, Ellen Judy. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. (2nd ed. 2004). 670 pp.
  • Robertson, John. The Case for The Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (2005) excerpt and text search
  • Roche, Daniel. France in the Enlightenment. 1998. 736 pp.
  • Rothschild, Emma. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. 2001. 353 pp.
  • Staloff, Darren. Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding. 2005. 419 pp.
  • Sutcliffe, Adam. Judaism and Enlightenment. 2003. 314 pp.
  • Till, Nicholas. Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue, and Beauty in Mozart's Operas. 1993. 384 pp.
  • Vovelle, Michel and Cochrane, Lydia G., eds. Enlightenment Portraits. 1997. 456 pp.
  • Yolton, John W. et al. The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. 1992. 581 pp.

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