Cedilla

The cedilla (¸) is a diacritic mark that resembles a hook curved to the left, placed below a letter and found in several languages using the Latin alphabet. For instance: ç, çh, ş, ķ.

Current use in Romance languages

The cedilla appeared first in the Romance languages, below the letter c: ç. In those tongues, c is pronounced [k] in general; but a c placed before e, i or y is pronounced with a fricative sound which is [s], [tʃ] or [θ] according to the language. For a c in a position other than before e, i or y, the cedilla is used to indicate that, exceptionally, the fricative sound ([s], [tʃ] or [θ]) occurs.

• In Galician-Portuguese, French and Francoprovençal:
  • ç before a, o, u is pronounced [s] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
  • c before e, i, y is pronounced [s]
  • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
• In Occitan and Catalan:
  • ç before a, o, u or at word ending is pronounced [s] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
  • c before e, i, y is pronounced [s]
  • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
• In Aragonese:
  • ç before a, o, u is pronounced [θ] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
  • c before e, i, y is pronounced [θ]
  • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
• In Friulian:
  • ç before a, o, u or at word ending is pronounced [tʃ] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
  • c before e, i, y is pronounced [tʃ]
  • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].

Current use in non-Romance languages

• In English (a Germanic language), the cedilla can be found in Romance borrowings (usually French ones), for example: façade.
• In Albanian, ç is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with c pronounced [ts]).
• In various Turkic languages (Turkish, Azeri, Volga Tatar, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Turkmen) and in Kurdish (an Iranian language):
  • ç is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with c pronounced [dʒ])
  • ş is pronounced [ʃ] (in contrast with s pronounced [s]).
• In Zaza (an Iranian language):
  • ç is pronounced [tʃ/ts] (in contrast with c pronounced [dʒ/dz])
  • ş is pronounced [ʃ] (in contrast with s pronounced [s]).
• In Manx (a Celtic language), çh is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with ch pronounced [x]).
• In Latvian (a Baltic language), a sort of cedilla or comma is found on the following palatal consonants (Latvian language planning authorities seem undicided on wether this diacritic should be a cedilla or a comma):
  • ģ (uppercase: Ģ) is pronounced [ɟ] (in contrast with g pronounced [g])
  • ķ is pronounced [c] (in contrast with k pronounced [k])
  • ļ is pronounced [ʎ] (in contrast with l pronounced [l])
  • ņ is pronounced [ɲ] (in contrast with n pronounced [n])
  • the former letter ŗ is no longer in use and is replaced by r.

Diacritic marks not to be confused with the cedilla

• A comma below ș and ț occurs in Romanian (a Romance language) but it is often replaced by a cedilla (ş, ţ) because of computing input problems. In an accurate typography, the comma should be preferred.
• The ogonek resembles a hook that is curved to the right (in contrast with the left-curved cedilla): it occurs in Polish (a Slavic language) below ą and ę, in Kashubian (a Slavic language) below ą and in Lithuanian (a Baltic language) below ą, ę, į, ǫ, ų. Its use has been extended to various Native American languages (Cayuga, Creek, Navajo, some Apache varieties, Tutchone, Gwich'in, Dogrib, Ho-Chunk).

History

The primary shape of the cedilla was the letter z placed under the letter c: cedilla is a Spanish word that means ‘little z’. The little z was more and more simplified to look like a hook. The first use of the cedilla appeared during the Middle Ages in several Romance languages of south-west Europe (Spanish, Galician-Portuguese, Asturian-Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan and, lately, Occitan).

From the 16th century on, the cedilla was extended to other Romance languages like French. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, it was progressively abandoned in Spanish and in Asturian-Leonese where it was replaced by the letter z which is pronounced like ç (that is: [θ]).

Since the 20th century, the cedilla has been adopted in recently codified Romance languages like Friulian and Francoprovençal and in non-Romance languages. Non-Romance languages have extended its use to new graphemes like çh, ş or ķ.