User:James F. Perry/Draft

Nota Bene - the following is a draft page for CZ articles which I am working on - a personal Sandbox, if you will. Please do not delete! James F. Perry 09:22, 3 June 2007 (CDT)

American literary figures

• William Bradford: (1590-1657) First governor, long-time leader, and historian of the Plymouth Colony. ^[e]
• Anne Bradstreet: (c. 1612 - 1672) Colonial American poet, considered the first English poet in the New World. ^[e]
• Samuel Sewall: Add brief definition or description
• Edward Taylor: Add brief definition or description
• Cotton Mather: (1663-1728) New England Puritan clergyman whose writings on witchcraft helped spark the Salem witch hunts in1692. ^[e]
• Jonathan Edwards: (1703-58) Puritan theologian who helped spark the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. ^[e]
• Phillis Wheatley: (1753 or 1754 - 1784) African-American slave whose poems and letters are among the earliest writings of blacks in America. ^[e]
• Sarah Kemble Knight: Add brief definition or description
• William Byrd: Add brief definition or description
•  John Woolman: A prominent 18th century American Quaker and abolitionist, and the author of a classic Journal. ^[e]
• St. Jean de Crevecoeur: Add brief definition or description
•  Benjamin Franklin: 1706-1790, American statesman and scientist, based in Philadelphia. ^[e]
•  Thomas Paine: (1737-1809) English writer, intellectual and revolutionary whose works were influential during the Enlightenment in the United States and Europe. ^[e]
•  Thomas Jefferson: (1743-1826) Third U.S. President (from 1801 to 1809), first U.S. Secretary of State (from 1789 to 1793), author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and founder of the University of Virginia. ^[e]
• Philip Freneau: Add brief definition or description
• Joel Barlow: Add brief definition or description
• Royall Tyler: Add brief definition or description
• Charles Brockden Brown: Add brief definition or description
• Meriwether Lewis: Add brief definition or description
• Washington Irving: (1783-1859) American writer, considered the first American man of letters, best known for his short stories, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. ^[e]
• James Fenimore Cooper: (1789-1851) The first major American novelist, most famous for his adventuresome Leather-Stocking Tales set in the American frontier. ^[e]
• William Cullen Bryant: Add brief definition or description
• Francis Parkman: Add brief definition or description
•  Nathaniel Hawthorne: (1804-64) American novelist and short story writer, best known for The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables. ^[e]
•  Edgar Allan Poe: (1809–1849) American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, critic, essayist, and one of the most prominent figures in the American Romantic Movement in literature. ^[e]
• Herman Melville: (1819-91) American fiction writer, author of Moby Dick, one of the masterpieces of world literature. ^[e]
• Ralph Waldo Emerson: (1803-82) American poet, essayist, and lecturer; leading exponent of New England transcendentalism. ^[e]
•  Henry David Thoreau: (1817-62) New England transcendentalist philosopher, naturalist, and writer; one of key inspirations for the modern conservation movement. ^[e]
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: (1807-82) US poet and essayist whose ballads and verses made him the best-loved American poet of the 19th century. ^[e]
• John Greenleaf Whittier: Add brief definition or description
• Oliver Wendell Holmes: Add brief definition or description
• James Russell Lowell: American poet, abolitionist and man of letters (1819 - 1891); older second cousin of Amy Lowell ^[e]
• Frederick Douglas: Add brief definition or description
•  Abraham Lincoln: (1809-65) Sixteenth U.S. President (from 1861 to 1865) who prosecuted the American Civil War to reclaim 11 seceding states and abolish slavery; assassinated in 1865 near the beginning of his second term. Considered the greatest of all American presidents. ^[e]
•  Walt Whitman: (1819-92) American poet and essayist, famous for his flowing free verse in Leaves of Grass, including 'A Noiseless Patient Spider' ^[e]

Olympic Games venues

Year	Site	# of Events	# of Sports	# of competitors: total (men/women)	# of countries
1992	Barcelona (ESP)	257	24	9356 (6652 men, 2704 women)	169
1996	Atlanta (USA)	271	26	10,318 (6806 men, 3512 women)	197
2000	Sydney (AUS)	300	28	10,651 (6582 men, 4069 women)	200

Joan of Arc

Joan's voices and visions

The subject of the nature and origin of the voices and visions which Joan of Arc experienced has been of intense interest not only to her contemporaries, but to scholars, religious figures, and students of history all the way down to modern times.

Religious figure

Saint

Joan of Arc is the patron saint of:

captives; France; imprisoned people; martyrs; opposition of Church authorities; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; rape victims; soldiers; WACs; WAVES; Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service; Women's Army Corps

Heretic / witch

In her own day, the question of Joan's voices and visions was addressed through the perspective of religion, with the main question being the origin of her experiences. Many, including the English who captured her, were of no doubt that the experiences had their source in the work of the Devil and that Joan, in refusing to renounce them, was a heretic.

Early chroniclers

Prior to 1850, when Jules Etienne Quicherat made the full records of Joan's two Trials available along with all the other documents and chronicles of her time, biographers and chroniclers were operating at a distinct disadvantage in not having available to them the full record of Joan's life and deeds.

Some of the earliest chroniclers, those of the 15th century in the immediate aftermath of Joan's life, are themselves sources (among other things, as the fount of certain typified views of Joan), but they wrote from a particular perspective, either to prove or disapprove of Joan. These writers did not generally write about Joan as a saint, but as an historical personage, and a celebrity. They also wrote under the influence of parties who had a partisan stake in some particular view of Joan's life. Generally did not write as detached historians.

• Perceval de Cagny - wrote about 1436, was associated with d'Alencon, one of Joan's principal supporters and a key witness at the Nullification trial, favorable to Joan
• Jean Chartier, a royal chronicler, wrote in the 1440s. The Valois line had an interest in Joan's case as the validity of their kingship could not be seen to depend on a convicted heretic
• Siege Journal - written in the 1470s based on documents from 1429. Gives a detailed military account of the period
• Chronique de la Pucelle - was based on Chartier, the Siege Journal, and the Nullification Trial, gives no attempt to understand Joan as a person, her psychology
• Engerrund de Monstrelet - Burgundian chronicler who was present when the Duke of Burgundy first questioned Joan following her capture, but claims not to recall what was said. wrote in the 1440s.
• Bourgeois of Paris, actually connected with the University of Paris, was highly unsympathetic to Joan, who was termed by him "a creature in the shape of a woman", approved of the Rouen Trial and Condemnation

Feminist icon

The image of a strong female leader has proved irresistable to modern-day feminists.

The triggering incident which led to Joan's being burnt at the stake was her donning of male attire while in prison. As a result, she has become a hero to many in the LGBT community for her seeming challenge to gender role stereotypes.

Question: Did God order you to wear a man's dress?

Joan: The dress is a small, nay, the least thing. I did not put on man's dress by the advice of any man whatsoever; I did not put it on, nor did I do aught, but by the command of God.

Question: Did this commmand to assume male attire seem lawful to you?

Joan: Everything I have done is at God's command; and if He had ordered me to assume a different habit, I should have done it, because it would have been his command.

National heroine / war leader

Although the term was not in use at the time, Joan has become one of the prototypes of a national liberation struggle leader. As such, she has been evoked iin support of such causes through the years in many different countries. In particular, she was applealed to as an inspirational figure in both the first and second World Wars, sometimes on both sides of the struggle.

Psychoanalytic case study

Among the scientific, or naturalistic explanations of Joan's experiences, are many of a psychological nature, as for example, that she was a schizophrenic, or hysteric, or suffering side effects of anorexia.

Religious reformer

In 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg. This marked the watershed moment in what is now known as the Protestant Reformation, though that was not Luther's intention at the time. Nor did Luther act in vacuo, and his protest was prefigured long before this event.

In the latter half of the 14th century, about a half century before Joan's birth, the English theologian John Wycliffe advanced the idea that the Bible was the sole authority on religious matters, thus challenging the Church hierarchy. He also advocated translating the Bible into English so that those who could read English but not Latin could have access thereto. And he differentiated between what he called the "actual Church" and the "true Church" criticizing what he saw as the hypocrasy of the clergy. The movement which he inspired - the Lollards - survived his death but was declared heretical and repressed in the early 1400s.

In Bohemia, Jan Hus, who was influenced by Wycliffe, advanced many of the same causes in his attempts to reform the clergy. In 1411, he was excommunicated and then, in 1415, was burnt at the stake. After his death, his followers - called Hussites - fought a series of wars known as the Hussite Wars with the secular authority supported by the Papacy. These wars lasted from 1419 until 1436 and thus were contemporaneous with Joan of Arc's life and activity.

At one time during her career, Joan wrote a letter condemming the Hussites.

Joan's experiences, exhibiting as they do, a direct communication with the Divine, thus by-passing the extablished hierarchy of the Church, have led to her not only being suspect by those operating within that extablished order, but being cited as an example of a precurser of the Protestant Reformation.

see G.B. Shaw's Preface to his play Saint Joan

Political prisoner

The Trial of Joan of Arc raises several questions of great relevance to modern civil libertarians, including:

• right to remain silent
• right to a trial by one's peers
• right of judicial appeal
• no torture or the threat thereof
• no secret trials
• right to legal counsel and representatiøn
• improper police proceedures (the surreptitous spying on Joan during confession)

see The Right to Remain Silent . . .' by Henry Ansgar Kelly in Speculum 68 (1993), p 992-1020

Scottish history

Glorious Revolution | Jacobites | Jacobite Rebellion of 1689-90 | Battle of Killiecrankie | Bonnie Dundee | Glencoe Massacre | Convention Parliament | Revolution Settlement | Darien Expedition | Treaty of Union (1707) | Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 | Battle of Sheriffmuir | Jacobite Rebellion of 1745| Battle of Prestonpans | Battle of Culloden | Charles Edward Stuart | Act of Proscription | Scottish Diaspora | Highland clearances | Porteous Riot | Visit of King George IV to Edinburgh 1822 | John Sobieski Stuart

Sounds in McGuffey

• http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba/phon/learnipa.html
• International Phonetic Alphabet - CZ article on IPA system

Short vowel sounds

Letter(s)	IPA	Example(s)	1879 Primer	1879 First Reader
short a (ă)	æ	as in bat or bag	Lesson I	Lesson I
short e (ĕ)	ɛ	as in bet or beg	Lesson XI	Lesson III
short i (ĭ)	ɪ	as in bit or big	Lesson VIII	Lesson II
short o (ŏ)	ɒ	as in bot or bog	Lesson VI	Lesson I
short u (ŭ)	ʌ	as in but or bug	Lesson XII	Lesson IV
short oo	ʊ	as in book or look	Lesson XXVII	Lesson XIII

Long vowel sounds

Sound	IPA	Example of sound	1879 Primer	1879 First Reader
long a	e	as in ate or gate	Lesson XIV	Lesson XII
a		as in care
a		as in arm
a		as in last
a		as in all
long e	i	as in eve or mete	Lesson VII	Lesson V
e		as in err
long i	ay/aj	as in ice or mice	Lesson XIII	Lesson X
long o	o	as in old or go	Lesson XII	Lesson XI
long u		as in use or mute	Lesson XVI
long oo	u	as in moon or fool	Lesson XXIII	Lesson VI

Subvocals

Sound	IPA	Example of sound	1879 Primer	1879 First Reader
b	b	as in bat or boy	Lesson VI
d	d	as in dog or did	Lesson I	Lesson I
hard g	g	as in girl or gig	Lesson VI	Lesson I
j	dʒ	as in jot or jug	Lesson XXVII
n	n	as in nut or nine	Lesson I	Lesson I
m	m	as in man or mill	Lesson IV	Lesson II
ng		as in sing or hang	Lesson XVIII
v	v	as in vine or vote	Lesson XVII
th	ð	as in this or	Lesson II	Lesson I
z	z	as in zinc or blaze	Lesson XXXIV
zh		as in azure or
r		as in rat or ring	Lesson I	Lesson I
w		as in wet or we	Lesson XIII
y		as in yet or year	Lesson XIX
l	l	as in lamp or lull	Lesson IV

Aspirates

Sound	IPA	Example of sound	1879 Primer	1879 First Reader
f	f	as in file or farm
h		as in him or
k	k	as in kid or cake
p	p	as in pipe or pig
s		as in set or same
t	t	as in top or tart
sh	ʃ	as in she or shift
ch	tʃ	as in church or lunch
th		as in thick or thin
wh		as in where or why

Table of Substitutes

Sound	For	Example of sound	1879 Primer	1879 First Reader
a	short o	as in what
o	short u	as in son
e	long a	as in feint
u	short oo	as in full
y	long i	as in fly
ph	f	as in physics
gh	f	as in laugh