Red Sea Urchin: Difference between revisions

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== Feeding Habits ==
== Feeding Habits ==
As larvae, urchins feed using bands of cilia to capture food particles from the water column<ref name="Strathmann 1971">'''Strathmann, R''' 1971. The feeding behavior of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae: mechanisms, regulation, and rates of suspension feeding. ''Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology'' 6: 109–160. </ref>, while also absorbing amino acids directly from seawater<ref name="Manahan et al. 1983">'''Manahan, D.T., J.P. Davis, & G.C. Stephens''' 1983. Bacteria-free sea urchin larvae: Selective uptake of neutral amino acids from seawater. ''Science'' 220: 204-206. </ref>. After settling on the ocean floor, juveniles begin feeding about 9 days post-metamorphosis. As adults, red urchins feed on a wide range of foods, both plant and animal though kelps are the preferred food item. In the Pacific Northwest, urchins preferentially graze [[bull kelp]] (''Nereocystis leutkeana'')<ref name="Vadas 1977">'''Vadas R.L.''' 1977. Preferential feeding: An optimization strategy in sea urchins. ''Ecological Monographs'' 47: 337-371.</ref>, whereas in southern California, ''Macrocystis pyrifera'' is targeted<ref name="Leighton 1966">'''Leighton D.L.''' 1966. Studies of food preference in algivorous invertebrates of Southern California kelp beds. ''Pacific Science'' 20: 104-113.</ref>.
As larvae, urchins feed using bands of cilia to capture food particles from the water column<ref name="Strathmann_1971">{{cite journal
| last = Strathmann
| first = Richard R
| year = 1971
| title = The feeding behavior of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae: mechanisms, regulation, and rates of suspension feeding
| journal = Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
| volume = 6
| pages = 109–160
| oclc =20144685
}}</ref>, while also absorbing amino acids directly from seawater<ref name="Manahan_etal_1983">{{cite journal
| last = Manahan
| first = Donal T.
| coauthors = James P. Davis and Grover C. Stephens
| date = [[April 8]], [[1983]]
| title = Bacteria-Free Sea Urchin Larvae: Selective Uptake of Neutral Amino Acids from Seawater
| journal = Science Magazine
| volume = 220
| issue = 4593
| pages = 204-206
| publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science
| doi = 10.1126/science.220.4593.204
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/220/4593/204?ck=nck
| accessdate = 2007-11-02
}}</ref>. After settling on the ocean floor, juveniles begin feeding about 9 days post-metamorphosis. As adults, red urchins feed on a wide range of foods, both plant and animal though kelps are the preferred food item. In the Pacific Northwest, urchins preferentially graze [[bull kelp]] (''Nereocystis leutkeana'')<ref name="Vadas_1977">{{cite journal
| last = Vadas
| first = Robert Louis
  | year = 1977
| month = October
| title = Preferential feeding: An optimization strategy in sea urchins
| journal = Ecological Monographs
| volume = 47
| issue = 4
| pages = 337-371
| doi = 10.2307/1942173
| oclc = 52896472
| url = http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1043%2F0012-9615(1977)047%5B0337%3APFAOSI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1
}}</ref>, whereas in southern California, ''Macrocystis pyrifera'' is targeted<ref name="Leighton_1966">{{cite journal
| last = Leighton
| first = D.L.
  | year = 1966
| title = Studies of food preference in algivorous invertebrates of Southern California kelp beds
| journal = Pacific Science
| volume = 20
| pages = 104-113
}}</ref>.


== Behavior and reproduction ==
== Behavior and reproduction ==
[[Image:Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif|left|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif/credit|{{Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Juvenile sea urchin.]]
[[Image:Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif|left|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif/credit|{{Juvenile-sea-urchin.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Juvenile sea urchin.]]
Lifespan in red urchins often exceeds 30 years, and recent evidence indicates that some individuals are over 100 years old.<ref name="Ebert 2003">'''Ebert, TA and JR Southon''' 2003. Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb [14.sup]carbon - ''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus''. ''Fishery Bulletin'', 101(4): 915-922. </ref>. Urchins are known as broadcast spawners, where gametes are released into the water and fertilization occurs in the water column. Spawning peaks between June and September and planktonic larvae (echinopluteus) remain in the water column for about a month before settling on the bottom of the sea floor. Once settled, larvae undergo metamorphosis into juvenile urchins. These juveniles use a set of chemical cues to locate and crawl underneath of near-by adults<ref name="Nishizaki & Ackerman 2005">'''Nishizaki, MT & JD Ackerman''' 2005. A secondary chemical cue facilitates adult-juvenile associations in red sea urchins (''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus''). ''Limnology & Oceanography'' 50(1): 354-362. </ref>. Aggregations of adult urchins form a "spine canopy" that provides protection from predation and extreme water motion<ref name="Nishizaki & Ackerman 2007">''' Nishizaki MT and JD Ackerman''' 2007. Juvenile–adult associations in sea urchins (''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus'' and ''S. droebachiensis''): protection from predation and hydrodynamics in ''S. franciscanus''). ''Marine Biology'' 151:135-145.</ref>. It is not surprising then, that juveniles are found almost exclusively sheltering under adults<ref name="Low 1975">''' Low, CG''' 1975. The effect of grouping of ''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus'', the giant red sea urchin, on its population biology. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.</ref> until they reach a test diameter of 40mm<ref name="Tegner & Dayton 1977">''' Tegner MJ and PK Dayton ''' 1977. Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing. ''Science'' 196: 324-32. </ref>. Juveniles are not necessarily related to the adults under which they shelter<ref name="Moberg & Burton 2000">'''Moberg, PE & RS Burton''' 2000. Genetic heterogeneity among recruit and adult red sea urchins, ''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus''. ''Marine Biology'' 136:773-784. </ref>.  
Lifespan in red urchins often exceeds 30 years, and recent evidence indicates that some individuals are over 100 years old.<ref name="Ebert_2003">{{cite journal
| last = Ebert
| first = Thomas A
| coauthors = John R Southon
| year = 2003
| month = October
| title = Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb [14.sup]carbon - (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)
| journal = Fishery bulletin
| volume = 101
| issue = 4
| pages = 915-922
| publisher = National Marine Fisheries Service
| location = Washington, D.C
| issn = 0090-0656
| oclc = 98134833
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-111201184.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-02
}}</ref>. Urchins are known as broadcast spawners, where gametes are released into the water and fertilization occurs in the water column. Spawning peaks between June and September and planktonic larvae (echinopluteus) remain in the water column for about a month before settling on the bottom of the sea floor. Once settled, larvae undergo metamorphosis into juvenile urchins. These juveniles use a set of chemical cues to locate and crawl underneath of near-by adults<ref name="Nishizaki_Ackerman_2005">{{cite journal
| last = Nishizaki
| first = Michael T
| coauthors = Josef Daniel Ackerman
| year = 2005
| title = A secondary chemical cue facilitates juvenile-adult postsettlement associations in red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)
| journal = Limnology & Oceanography
| volume = 50
| issue = 1
| pages = 354-362
| publisher = American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
| issn = 0024-3590
| oclc = 99406927
}}</ref>. Aggregations of adult urchins form a "spine canopy" that provides protection from predation and extreme water motion<ref name="Nishizaki_Ackerman_2007">{{cite journal
| last = Nishizaki
| first = Michael T
| coauthors = Josef Daniel Ackerman
| year = 2007
| month = March
| title = Juvenile–adult associations in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotusfranciscanus and S. droebachiensis): protection from predation and hydrodynamics in S. franciscanus
| journal = Marine Biology
| volume = 151
| issue = 1
| pages = 135-145
| publisher = Springer
| location = Berlin/Heidelberg
| issn = 0025-3162
| doi = 10.1007/s00227-006-0462-6
}}</ref>. It is not surprising then, that juveniles are found almost exclusively sheltering under adults<ref name="Low_1975">{{cite book
| last = Low  
| first = Charles J
| title = The effect of grouping of Strongylocentrotus Franciscanus, the giant red sea urchin, on its population biology (Ph.D. thesis)
| year = 1975
| publisher = University of British Columbia
| location = Vancouver, BC
| oclc = 144934682
}}</ref> until they reach a test diameter of 40mm<ref name="Tegner_Dayton_1977">{{cite journal
| last = Tegner
| first = MJ
| coauthors = PK Dayton
| date = 1977-04-15
| title = Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing
| journal = Science
| volume = 196
| issue = 4287
| pages = 324-326
| publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science
| issn = 0036-8075
| doi = 10.1126/science.847476
| oclc = 113643163
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/196/4287/324
| accessdate = 2007-11-02
}}</ref>. Juveniles are not necessarily related to the adults under which they shelter<ref name="Moberg_Burton_2000">{{cite journal
| last = Moberg
| first = PE
| coauthors = RS Burton
| year = 2000
| title = Genetic heterogeneity among recruit and adult red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
| journal = Marine Biology
| volume = 136
| pages = 773-784
}}</ref>.  


== Similar species ==
== Similar species ==
Line 40: Line 162:


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{reflist|2}}

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Red Sea Urchin
Red Sea Urchin. (PD) Photo: Michael Nishizaki
Red Sea Urchin.
(PD) Photo: Michael Nishizaki
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Subclass: Euechinoidea
Superorder: Echinacea
Order: Echinoida
Family: Strongylocentrotidae
Genus: Strongylocentrotus
Species: S. franciscanus
Binomial name
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
(A. Agassiz, 1863)

The Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz, 1863), is a species of marine invertebrate belonging to the phylum Echinodermata or "spiny-skinned" animals. Typically found in the Pacific ocean from Alaska to Baja California, red urchins inhabit shallow waters from the low-tide line to depths of 100 m. In general, this species prefers wave-sheltered rocky shorelines.

Physical Description

During larval development, the body of a sea urchin transitions from radial to bilateral symmetry. This bilaterally symmetrical larva, called an echinopluteus, subsequently develops a type of pentaradiate symmetry that characterises echinoderms. As adults, the body, or test, can reach up to 24 cm and can vary in colour from red to dark burgundy. The test is covered by sharp spines that can grow up to 8 cm. Among the spines are rows of tiny tube feet each terminating with a suction cup. In addition, the body is also covered with small pincer-like structures called pedicellaria.

The mouth of an urchin, called the Aristotle's lantern, consists of 5 teeth and is located on the underside (or oral) of the body. Waste is excreted from an opening on the upper side (or aboral) of the body. During reproduction, eggs and sperm are also released from the aboral side of the body through 5 small openings called gonopores.

Feeding Habits

As larvae, urchins feed using bands of cilia to capture food particles from the water column[1], while also absorbing amino acids directly from seawater[2]. After settling on the ocean floor, juveniles begin feeding about 9 days post-metamorphosis. As adults, red urchins feed on a wide range of foods, both plant and animal though kelps are the preferred food item. In the Pacific Northwest, urchins preferentially graze bull kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana)[3], whereas in southern California, Macrocystis pyrifera is targeted[4].

Behavior and reproduction

(PD) Photo: Michael Nishizaki
Juvenile sea urchin.

Lifespan in red urchins often exceeds 30 years, and recent evidence indicates that some individuals are over 100 years old.[5]. Urchins are known as broadcast spawners, where gametes are released into the water and fertilization occurs in the water column. Spawning peaks between June and September and planktonic larvae (echinopluteus) remain in the water column for about a month before settling on the bottom of the sea floor. Once settled, larvae undergo metamorphosis into juvenile urchins. These juveniles use a set of chemical cues to locate and crawl underneath of near-by adults[6]. Aggregations of adult urchins form a "spine canopy" that provides protection from predation and extreme water motion[7]. It is not surprising then, that juveniles are found almost exclusively sheltering under adults[8] until they reach a test diameter of 40mm[9]. Juveniles are not necessarily related to the adults under which they shelter[10].

Similar species

There are two congeneric species generally found living in the same habitats as the red urchin. The purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is smaller, with shorter spines and a deep purple color. Purple urchins are usually found in slightly shallower and more wave-exposed areas. The second species is the green urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, which is smaller than the red urchin and has shorter and thinner spines.

Fishery

Fig. 1. Historical sea urchin harvest.

Red sea urchins are primarily harvested for their reproductive organs, or "roe,". Most sea urchin roe is exported to Japan where it is used as an ingredient in sushi. Harvested in California since the 1970's, sea urchin the fishery and expanded until is was the second most valuable fishery in California.

References

  1. ↑ Strathmann, Richard R (1971). "The feeding behavior of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae: mechanisms, regulation, and rates of suspension feeding". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 6: 109–160.
  2. ↑ Manahan, Donal T.; James P. Davis and Grover C. Stephens (April 8, 1983). "Bacteria-Free Sea Urchin Larvae: Selective Uptake of Neutral Amino Acids from Seawater". Science Magazine 220 (4593): 204-206. DOI:10.1126/science.220.4593.204. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Vadas, Robert Louis (October 1977). "Preferential feeding: An optimization strategy in sea urchins". Ecological Monographs 47 (4): 337-371. DOI:10.2307/1942173. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Leighton, D.L. (1966). "Studies of food preference in algivorous invertebrates of Southern California kelp beds". Pacific Science 20: 104-113.
  5. ↑ Ebert, Thomas A; John R Southon (October 2003). "Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb [14.supcarbon - (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)"]. Fishery bulletin 101 (4): 915-922. ISSN 0090-0656. Retrieved on 2007-11-02.
  6. ↑ Nishizaki, Michael T; Josef Daniel Ackerman (2005). "A secondary chemical cue facilitates juvenile-adult postsettlement associations in red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)". Limnology & Oceanography 50 (1): 354-362. ISSN 0024-3590.
  7. ↑ Nishizaki, Michael T; Josef Daniel Ackerman (March 2007). "Juvenile–adult associations in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotusfranciscanus and S. droebachiensis): protection from predation and hydrodynamics in S. franciscanus". Marine Biology 151 (1): 135-145. DOI:10.1007/s00227-006-0462-6. ISSN 0025-3162. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Low, Charles J (1975). The effect of grouping of Strongylocentrotus Franciscanus, the giant red sea urchin, on its population biology (Ph.D. thesis). Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. OCLC 144934682. 
  9. ↑ Tegner, MJ; PK Dayton (1977-04-15). "Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing". Science 196 (4287): 324-326. DOI:10.1126/science.847476. ISSN 0036-8075. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ Moberg, PE; RS Burton (2000). "Genetic heterogeneity among recruit and adult red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus". Marine Biology 136: 773-784.
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