Number theory/Signed Articles/Elementary diophantine approximations

The theory of diophantine approximations is a chapter of number theory, which in turn is a part of mathematics. It studies the approximations of real numbers by rational numbers. This article presents an elementary introduction to diophantine approximations, as well as an introduction to number theory via diophantine approximations.

Introduction

In the everyday life our civilization applies mostly (finite) decimal fractions $\ {\frac {k}{10^{n}}}.$  Decimal fractions are used both as certain values, e.g. $5.85, and as approximations of the real numbers, e.g. $\ \pi \approx 3.14159.$  However, the field of all rational numbers is much richer than the ring of the decimal fractions (or of the binary fractions $\ {\frac {k}{2^{n}}},$  which are used in the computer science). For instance, the famous approximation $\ \pi \approx {\frac {355}{113}}$  has denominator 113 much smaller than 10⁵ but it provides a better approximation than the decimal one, which has five digits after the decimal point.

How well can real numbers (all of them or the special ones) be approximated by rational numbers? A typical Diophantine approximation result states:

Theorem  Let $\ a$  be an arbitrary real number. Then

• $\ a$  is rational if and only if there exists a real number C > 0 such that

$|a-{\frac {x}{y}}|>{\frac {C}{y}}$

for arbitrary integers $\ (x,y)$  such that $\ y>0$  and $\ a\neq {\frac {x}{y}};$

• $\ a$  is irrational if and only if there exist infinitely many pairs of integers $\ (x,y)$  such that $\ y>0$  and

$|a-{\frac {x}{y}}|<{\frac {1}{{\sqrt {5}}\cdot y^{2}}}.$

Notation

• $\Leftarrow :\Rightarrow \$   —   "equivalent by definition";
• $:=\$   —   "equals by definition";
• $\mathbb {N} \ :=\ \{1,2\dots \}$  —  the semiring of the natural numbers;
• $\mathbb {Z} \ :=\ \{-2,-1,1,2\dots \}$  —  the ring of integers;
• $\mathbb {Q}$  —  the field of rational numbers;
• $\mathbb {R}$  —  the field of real numbers;