User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:LC Raschig Rings.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{#ifexist:Template:LC Raschig Rings.jpg/credit|{{LC Raschig Rings.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Randomly dumped | [[Image:LC Raschig Rings.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{#ifexist:Template:LC Raschig Rings.jpg/credit|{{LC Raschig Rings.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Figure 1: Randomly dumped packing material used in packed beds.]] | ||
[[Image:LC Structured Packing.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{#ifexist:Template:LC Structured Packing.jpg/credit|{{LC Structured Packing.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Structured packing used in packed beds.]] | [[Image:LC Structured Packing.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{#ifexist:Template:LC Structured Packing.jpg/credit|{{LC Structured Packing.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Figure 2: Structured packing used in packed beds.]] | ||
In [[chemical | In [[chemical engineering]] processes such as [[Continuous distillation|distillation]] and absorption, a '''packed bed''' is most usually a zone within a vertical [[pressure vessel]] that is filled with packing material.<ref name=Seader>{{cite book|author=Seader, J.D. and Henley, Ernest J.|title=Separation Process Principles|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2006|id=ISBN 0-471-46480-5}}</ref name=King>><ref{{cite book|author=King, C.J.|2nd Edition|title=Separation Processes|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=1980|id=0-07-034612-7}}</ref><ref name=Perry>{{cite book|author=Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W.|title=[[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]]|edition=8th Edition| publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|id=ISBN 0-07-142294-3}}</ref> | ||
The | The packing material may be randomly dumped objects or it may be specially designed structured packing such as the examples shown in Figures 1 and 2. | ||
The randomly dumped packing may be steel, ceramic or plastic objects of various geometric designs. The structured packing may be sheet metal, woven wire gauze or plastic of various designs and stacked in various arrangements. | |||
==Applications== | ==Applications== | ||
In | In most applications, the purpose of a packed bed is to provide intimate contacting of the upward flowing vapor and and the downward flowing liquid in [[separation process|separation processes]] such as [[Continuous distillation|distillation columns]] and [[absorption| absorption columns]]. | ||
In the packed bed, liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where [[mass transfer]] takes place. Packing material can be used instead of trays to improve separation in distillation columns. Packing offers the advantage of a lower pressure drop across the column (when compared to [[#Plates or trays|plates or trays]]), which is beneficial while operating under vacuum. Differently shaped packing materials have different surface areas and void space between the packing. Both of these factors affect packing performance. | |||
Another factor in performance, in addition to the packing shape and surface area, is the liquid and vapor distribution that enters the packed bed. The number of [[Theoretical plate|theoretical stages]] required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio. If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct and the required separation will not be achieved. The packing will appear to not be working properly. The ''height equivalent to a theoretical plate'' (HETP) will be greater than expected. The problem is not the packing itself but the mal-distribution of the fluids entering the packed bed. These columns can contain liquid distributors and redistributors which help to distribute the liquid evenly over a section of packing, increasing the efficiency of the mass transfer.<ref name=Seader/> The design of the liquid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflux to a packed bed is critical to making the packing perform at maximum efficiency. | Another factor in performance, in addition to the packing shape and surface area, is the liquid and vapor distribution that enters the packed bed. The number of [[Theoretical plate|theoretical stages]] required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio. If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct and the required separation will not be achieved. The packing will appear to not be working properly. The ''height equivalent to a theoretical plate'' (HETP) will be greater than expected. The problem is not the packing itself but the mal-distribution of the fluids entering the packed bed. These columns can contain liquid distributors and redistributors which help to distribute the liquid evenly over a section of packing, increasing the efficiency of the mass transfer.<ref name=Seader/> The design of the liquid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflux to a packed bed is critical to making the packing perform at maximum efficiency. | ||
Revision as of 18:30, 30 July 2008
In chemical engineering processes such as distillation and absorption, a packed bed is most usually a zone within a vertical pressure vessel that is filled with packing material.[1][2]
The packing material may be randomly dumped objects or it may be specially designed structured packing such as the examples shown in Figures 1 and 2.
The randomly dumped packing may be steel, ceramic or plastic objects of various geometric designs. The structured packing may be sheet metal, woven wire gauze or plastic of various designs and stacked in various arrangements.
Applications
In most applications, the purpose of a packed bed is to provide intimate contacting of the upward flowing vapor and and the downward flowing liquid in separation processes such as distillation columns and absorption columns.
In the packed bed, liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where mass transfer takes place. Packing material can be used instead of trays to improve separation in distillation columns. Packing offers the advantage of a lower pressure drop across the column (when compared to plates or trays), which is beneficial while operating under vacuum. Differently shaped packing materials have different surface areas and void space between the packing. Both of these factors affect packing performance.
Another factor in performance, in addition to the packing shape and surface area, is the liquid and vapor distribution that enters the packed bed. The number of theoretical stages required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio. If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct and the required separation will not be achieved. The packing will appear to not be working properly. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) will be greater than expected. The problem is not the packing itself but the mal-distribution of the fluids entering the packed bed. These columns can contain liquid distributors and redistributors which help to distribute the liquid evenly over a section of packing, increasing the efficiency of the mass transfer.[1] The design of the liquid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflux to a packed bed is critical to making the packing perform at maximum efficiency.
Packed columns have a continuous vapor-equilibrium curve, unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor-liquid equilibrium. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute a number of theoretical plates to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays. In design, the number of necessary theoretical equilibrium stages is first determined and then the packing height equivalent to a theoretical equilibrium stage, known as the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), is also determined. The total packing height required is the number theoretical stages multiplied by the HETP.
Columns used in certain types of chromatography consisting of a tube filled with packing material can also be called packed columns and their structure has similarities to packed beds.
Packed bed reactors can be used in chemical reaction. These reactors are tubular and are filled with solid catalyst particles, most often used to catalyze gas reactions. [3] The chemical reaction takes place on the surface of the catalyst. The advantage of using a packed bed reactor is the higher conversion per weight of catalyst than other catalytic reactors. The reaction rate is based on the amount of the solid catalyst rather than the volume of the reactor.
Theory
The Ergun equation can be used to predict the pressure drop along the length of a packed bed given the fluid velocity, the packing size, and the viscosity and density of the fluid.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Seader, J.D. and Henley, Ernest J. (2006). Separation Process Principles, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-46480-5. </ref name=King>><refKing, C.J. (1980). Separation Processes. McGraw Hill. 0-07-034612-7.
- ↑ Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (2007). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142294-3.
- ↑ Fogler, H. Scott (2006). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 4th Edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-047394-4.