Obama administration

(PD) Photo: U.S. Senate
Barack Obama.

Barack Obama entered office as President of the United States of America on January 20, 2009, as the nation's 44th president and the first African American to be U.S. head of state. His Vice President is Joe Biden, and his Secretary of State is Hillary Clinton, Obama's main rival for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2008 presidential election. Obama approved the continuing service of Robert M. Gates, an independent previously a member of the Republican Bush administration, as Secretary of Defense.

First 100 days

Foreign policy

Obama began his presidential term of office with a focus on foreign policy, particularly the Guantanamo detention camp and the Middle East. In line with his previous pledge to close the camp, Obama had military trials at Guantanamo suspended. He also called Middle Eastern leaders to pursue Arab-Israeli peace. Obama appointed George Mitchell as a special envoy for the Middle East, with former United Nations Ambassador Richard Holbrooke becoming special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. On January 22, Obama signed an executive order authorizing the closure of the Guantanamo camp within a year. This act, said Obama was to avoid "a false choice between our safety and our ideals," and to "restore the standards of due process and the core constitutional values that have made this country great even in the midst of war, even in dealing with terrorism." A second order banned torture by all agencies, military and civilian, of the U.S. government, as part of human-source intelligence interrogation.

Family planning

The Obama administration also overturned a policy by former President Ronald Reagan on federal funds for international family planning clinics that offer abortions. The reversal was in line with the same decision by previous Democratic President Bill Clinton, though this "Mexico City policy" was reinstated by George W. Bush in 2001 as his first executive order. Obama also committed his administration to restoring U.S. contributions to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), an organization with which the Bush administration refused to co-operate, alleging that it funded enforced sterilization.

Science and the environment

The inauguration of Barack Obama was broadly welcomed by scientists, and the expectation that the administration would make good on its earlier promises to promote green issues and allow stem cell research proved well-founded. Obama's inaugural address contained reference to the need to address global warming and renewable energy supplies; a few days later, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave the go-ahead to a stem cell research program aimed at finding better ways to repair spinal injuries - research that had been on hold since 2006. Later that month, the administration released details of a job-creating "recovery and reinvestment plan" to create jobs in the renewables sector, increase energy efficiency and provide the means to deliver renewable energy to consumers. They also pledged to increase automobile efficiency and reverse the Bush administration's block on the state of California increasing limits on car emissions. Obama said, "The days of Washington dragging its heels are over. My administration will not deny facts, we will be guided by them. We cannot afford to pass the buck... onto the states." Soon after, the administration brought legislation to Congress providing for $15 billion of new federal funding for science, as part of a wider spending program.

Nobel laureate Dr. Steven Chu, a physicist, was appointed Energy Secretary, heading up a $23-billion-plus budget. Other scientists filled various posts, including environmental scientist Dr. John Holdren, (Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology); environmental scientist and marine ecologist Dr. Jane Lubchenco (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administrator); biologists Dr. Eric Lander and Dr. Harold Varmus (Co-Chairs, President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology).

Exceptions to lobbying rule

An early controversy was Obama's nomination of William J. Lynn III as Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates's deputy. Obama had previously promised that new members of his administration could not have worked as a lobbyist for the preceding two years; however, Lynn left defense contractor Raytheon in July 2008, so would need an exception made to the rule. A similar case surrounded William Corr, nominated as the Department of Health and Human Services's deputy secretary, who had recently lobbied as an anti-tobacco advocate, but would not be involved in tobacco issues within the Obama administration. The President's spokesman, Robert Gibbs, told the Associated Press that "Even the toughest rules require reasonable exceptions."

Other issues

In 2009, Obama became one the few presidents to take the oath of office twice, Chief Justice John Roberts having made a mistake on inauguration day. The renewed oath has no implications for Obama's legitimacy as President, as the new term begins automatically following the previous president leaving office.

The administration made an early commitment to openness and transparency in its affairs, which may be the first step towards lifting some of the secrecy surrounding government information.