Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh is a primatologist at the Great Ape Trust in Des Moines, Iowa, who is well-known for her work investigating the apparent use of Great Ape 'language' in two bonobos - along with chimpanzees, one of the two Great Ape species representing the closest living relatives to humans. Her most famous subject is a bonobo named Kanzi, who is claimed to be able to communicate linguistically using symbols on a keyboard. Specifically, Savage-Rumbaugh has claimed that Kanzi's abilities reach and may even exceed those of a two-and-a-half-year-old child, and constitute a "simple language".[1]
Savage-Rumbaugh's view of language is that "all it really is - [is] another form of behavior",[2] not confined to humans and learnable by other ape species - a controversial position within linguistics, psychology and other sciences of the brain and mind. the controversy involving different definitions of 'language' and different understandings of evolutionary processes. For example, the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker strongly criticised the position of Savage-Rumbaugh and others in his award-winning The Language Instinct,[3] arguing that Kanzi and other non-human primates failed to grasp the fundamentals of language. Savage-Rumbaugh's own work argues for the aforementioned "simple language" in Kanzi's communication, but it also claims that the bonobo exhibited evidence of complex syntax, including recursion: for example, she interprets Kanzi's 77%-correct response rate to sentences such as "Get your your ball that's in the cereal" as evidence that the ape understood syntactic relationships, though she notes that Kanzi did less well on grammatically simpler sentences.[4] Furthermore, the same work argues that Kanzi "could comprehend both the semantics and the syntactic structure of quite unusual sentences", despite the previous reference to "simple language".[5] Savage-Rumbaugh's results also allowed for interpretation: on the instruction to "Put some water on the carrot", Kanzi threw the vegetable outside, which Savage-Rumbaugh assessed as 'correct' because it was raining heavily at the time.[6] This criticism, together with alternative explanations for Kanzi's apparent ability (e.g. understanding of words, but not sentences; only one likely interpretation of the sentence, etc.) comprise many of the objections from linguists and cognitive scientists, who would argue that language is not reducible to behavior alone;[7] sympathetic voices have also called for more robust theoretical work.[8]