Theodor Lohmann
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Theodor Christian Lohmann (born October 18, 1831 in Winsen an der Aller, died August 31, 1905 in Tabarz/Thüringer Wald) was a 19th century German administration lawyer and social reformer, second in importance only to Otto von Bismarck in the formation of the German social insurance system. He is considered to be one of the major forces advocating for legislation for occupational safety and health, as co-architect of Bismarck's social security and as a seminal figure in the relation of Diakonie[1] and social politics.
Private life, education and early career
Theodor Lohmann grew up as the seventh of eight children in an Evangelisch-Lutheran household.[2] His father, Ernst Heinrich Lohmann (1797–1856), was a merchant and owner of a brickyard. His mother, Johanna Juliana Lohmann (born Hardegen), died early. Thedodor Lohmann attended the Gymnasium in Celle and from 1850 studied jurisprudence and political science at the University of Göttingen. After graduation he became a member of the Burschenschaft Germania of Göttingen, a special form of fraternity. Four years later Lohmann entered the civil service of the Kingdom of Hanover. In 1858 he passed the second Staatsexamen. Subsequently he was active in different roles in the royal administration of Hanover.
In 1862 Theodor Lohmann married Louise Wyneken (1839–1879), and the couple had three children. In private life he engaged himself with the development of the inner mission in Hanover. Together with the theologian Gerhard Uhlhorn and others he played an important role in the establishment of the Evangelischer Verein ("Evangelisch Association") and the Stephansstift, a Hanover fund created in 1869 for the promotion of religious freedom. He belonged to the ?????? faction of the regional Evangelisch-Lutheran church in Hanover and was involved in the assistance of youth and old people as well as vocational training.
Lohmann's work as a social reformer
During the Austro-Prussion War the Kingdom of Hanover was occupied in 1866 by Prussian troops, and Hanover became a Prussian province. For the administrative lawyer Theodor Lohmann this presented a major fork in his career path: In 1871 Lohmann moved to Berlin and assumed a position in the Prussian Ministry of Commerce working on matters concerning industrial workers. In this capacity he participated in the drafting of various bills, including the amendment of the German Trade, Commerce and Industry Regulation Act, which introduced the factory inspection, the basis for the current day Gewerbeaufsicht ("industrial, commercial and business inspectorate").
In 1880 Lohmann transferred to the Prussian Ministry of Interior. In this position he played a key staff role in support of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the passage of legislation that established the German social security system, the first system in the world based on principles of social insurance. Lohmann’s objectives, however, were distinct from Bismarck’s: Whereas the famous chancellor was interested in creating a social insurance that transformed the workpeople into dependent "state pensioners", Lohmann sought to broaden the workers' rights of self-determination and local self-governance. Bismarck’s concept of state socialism built upon a close linkage of the workers to the state contradicted Lohmann’s vision of the mündiger Arbeitnehmer ("mature and responsible worker").[3] In the end these two approaches proved to be irreconcilable.
Lohmann had at least partial succes in designing the state's public health insurance: Workers were allowed to participate in the financing and self-government of the health insurance companies. Despite Bismarck's opposition the traditional role of German ancillary health insurance funds and companies in the program was considerably strengthened.[3] In 1883 their broad differences brought about a major schism between Lohmann and Bismarck and ended Lohmann’s role in reforming social insurance in Germany. The immediate cause of the rift was disagreement over provisions of accident insurance coverage. While Lohmann favored direct investment of the workers in the planned accident insurance program, Bismarck sought a compulsory insurance system in the form of mutual employer's liability insurance associations, which were to be subsidized by the state. For awhile Lohmann tried to thwart Bismarck's plans. In September 1883 the issue came to a head in a confrontation between the two. As a result Lohmann was removed from any further role in the formulation of this social legislation. Robert Bosse, the Director of the Ministry of the Interior at the time, noted in his memoirs:
- In this conflict Lohmann risked his office and his future. For this I salute him. It is another question entirely whether this was that essential an issue. I don’t believe it was.[4]
The success of the 1884 law on the new accident insurance and the even greater success of the employer's liability insurance associations confirmed this assumption by Bosse and disproved Lohmann’s reservations at least partly. Lohmann himself said he was relieved that he no longer had to account for procedures, which he regarded "wrong" and "completely impracticable".[4]
The later years
After his career for the Prussian administration Theodor Lohmann immersed himself in supporting the Inner Mission and traditional missionary work, among other things in the Gesellschaft zur Beförderung des Christentums unter den Juden ("Society for the Advancement of Christianity among the Jews"). He served as the society's president from 1876 to 1898. Lohmann also worked for the Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der evangelischen Missionen unter den Heiden ("Society for the Advancement of the Evangelisch Missions among the Heathens"). In 1880 Lohmann had become a member of the Central-Ausschuß für die innere Mission der deutschen evangelischen Kirche ("Central Committee for the Inner Mission of the German Evangelisch Church"). He remained its member until his death in 1905.
After Bismarck's departure from his position as German chancellor in 1890 Lohmann was re-assigned by the new Minister of Trade, Hans Hermann of Berlepsch, to further extend the German worker legislation. One of his responsibilities during his first year was the planning and execution of the International Conference on Protection of Workers held in Berlin. He was subsequently involved in a further amendment of the German Trade, Commerce and Industry Regulation Act, which brought new improvements for the workers, e.g. the prohibition of nightwork for women and young people. After several promotions Lohmann was appointed to director of the trade department in the Ministry of Trade in 1900. In 1904, on the occasion of his fiftieth anniversary of administrative service, he was presented with the Wilhelmsorden, an award for special sociopolitical contributions.
Theodor Lohmann died on August 31, 1905 at the age of seventy-three in Tabartz, Thuringia. Despite his substantial contributions to the German social security system and the protection of German workers Lohmann and his social reforms remain standing in the shadow of Bismarck and his politics to this day.
This article uses content that originally appeared on the German Wikipedia.
Notes
- ↑ The English translation as "deaconry" would be inaccurate, since in Germany Diakonie is also a lay diaconate, i.e. a religious service of reconciliation in the world combining the word of faith and the action of love. Its aims are said to be: a) furthering ecumenical relationships among diaconal associations and diaconal communities; b) reflecting on the nature and task of diaconia in the Biblical sense; c) furthering a sense of diaconia in the churches and congregations; d) strengthening fellowship among members to render mutual help and undertake common tasks.
- ↑ The German term evangelisch is an umbrella term for the German churches in the tradition of the Protestant reformation. It is not to be confused with the Evangelical churches (German: evangelikal).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Erster Band: Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist, München 1990 (Beck), p. 341 sq. & p. 346 sq., ISBN 3-406-34453-4
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Florian Tennstedt, Heide Winter et al., Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Sozialpolitik 1867 bis 1914, Section II, Vol. 2, Part 1, pp. 377 & 382