Toxoplasma gondii
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| Toxoplasma gondii |
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| Scientific classification |
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Description and significance
Toxoplasma gondii is a single celled organism that is known for being the cause of Toxoplasmosis, a common food born illness. T. gondii is a unicellular, parasitic protist, classified as an apicomplexan within the group alveolate. Apicomplexans are exclusively parasitic organisms and derive their name from their apical complex. T. gondii need moisture to avoid dessication, and therefore take up residence in mammalian body fluids. Toxoplasma gondii is a close relative of plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria. Like plasmodium they share structural characteristics, most importantly specialized organelles in the apical end. Unlike plasmodium however, T. gondii is able to survive outside the liver cells and red blood cell. In fact, T. gondii is able to inhabit any cell in the body. A research study by Jones et al. found nearly one quarter of adults and adolescents in the United States have been infected with T. gondii. And while many of those infected with T. gondii do not display symptoms, individuals with compromised immune systems such as those infected with the AIDS virus have an increased risk of death due to Toxoplasomosis.
Structure, Multiplication, and Life Cycle
Cell Structure
T. gondii is a unicellular protist with an amorphous amoeboid-like body form. They have no flagella or other motility structures but move by amoeboid motion. The plasma membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. Although they do not have a contractile vesicle they have alveoli just below their plasma membrane. These alveoli are subcellular cavities characteristic of many protists that are important for stabilization of the cellular surface. The apical end of their spores, as can be seen from the image below, contains a mass of organelles that help the spores invade their host tissue.
Genome structure
The complete circular T. gondii genome was sequenced by The University of Pennsylvania in 2006 using the Random Shot-gun method. The size of the genome is reported to be 34,996nt long. Of the entire genome, fifty two percent codes for proteins. Of the 63 genes present, 37 encode structural RNAs and 26 code for other proteins. The GC content of the genome is reported as twenty-one percent.
Use the following link to view the complete genome of T. gondii.
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Life cycle
Much like its close relative plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle that alternates between sexual and asexual stages. The various stages of it's life cycle take place in different organisms, cycling between cats and the animals they eat. The cat releases T. gondii oocytes in its feces, which get picked up by ingestion by another animal, generally known as the intermediate host. Once the oocytes enter this new host they multiply to 128 copies and hatch, allowing the parasite to move through the hosts body and attack new cells. After a few days inside the intermediate host however, the organism de-differentiates and becomes simpler in morphology in a process called encystment. The cyst that forms contains many individual T. gondii cells, and is marked by the presence of a cell wall and a low metabolic rate. Cyst formation is important for a few reasons. Most significantly they serve as a means of transfer between the host and the parasitic species. Additionally formation of a cyst will protect the parasite from any unfavorable environmental conditions such as nutrient deficiency, dessication, and extreme pH's.
The parasite enters the human circulatory system when these cysts are ingested by humans. Toxoplasmosis can be contracted in one of three ways. Eating raw or undercooked meat containing the parasite T. gondii is the most common way to a person becomes infected. Ingesting T. gondii oocysts from soil through gardening, handling or eating unwashed vegetables, or changing a cat litter box is another common form of contraction. Pregnant women who come in contact with T. gondii can also pass along their acquired infection to their fetus through the placenta.
Ecology
Pathology
Talk about toxoplasmosis here.