Antiphospholipid syndrome
In medicine, antiphospholipid syndrome is the "presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antiphospholipid antibody). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (anticardiolipin antibody). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus anticoagulant inhibitor)."[1][2]
According to the Sapporo criteria, patients must have both:[3]
- Some form of embolism and thrombosis
- Abnormal antibodies
Antibodies
The following antibodies are associated with the antiphopholipid syndrome; however, these antibodies may be present transiently in normal individuals.[4]
- Lupus anticoagulant antibodies. These are detected by prolong clotting times such as partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or dilute prothrombin time (PT). These are more specific tests. These antibodies may interacti with other risk factors such as smoking and estrogens.[5]
- Anticardiolipin antibodies. These are antibodies to a phospholipid and are detected by immunoassays (usually enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays).
- Anti–β2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). These are antibodies to a phospholipid-binding protein and are detected by immunoassays (usually enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays).
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Antiphospholipid syndrome (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J (2002). "The antiphospholipid syndrome.". N Engl J Med 346 (10): 752-63. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra002974. PMID 11882732. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R et al. (2006). "International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).". J Thromb Haemost 4 (2): 295-306. DOI:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x. PMID 16420554. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Vila P, Hernández MC, López-Fernández MF, Batlle J (1994). "Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects.". Thromb Haemost 72 (2): 209-13. PMID 7831653.
- ↑ Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A (2009). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study.". Lancet Neurol 8 (11): 998-1005. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70239-X. PMID 19783216. Research Blogging.